Europe in The 17 th Century

1. Europe inThe 17th Century The Age of Reason, Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution,Neo-Classicism, and Global Trade

2. The ScientificRevolution • Emphasis on experimentation and inductive reasoning • Scientific Method • New methods of observation: the microscope and the telescope • 1645: Charles I chartered the Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge A replica of Isaac Newton's telescope of 1672.

3. Heliocentric Theory • Nicholas Copernicus, astronomer: On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 • Giordano Bruno, astronomer: burnt at the stake for teaching heliocentric theory and infinity of universe, 1600 • Johannes Kepler, mathematician and physicist:  laws of planetary motion; Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. They also provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation. Copernicus, Portrait from Toruń, 1580 Giordano Bruno Johannes Kepler

4. Galileo Builds the First Telescope1609

5. Galileo Galilei1564-1642 • Florentine astronomer • Law of falling bodies: gravity • Adapted Dutch lens into telescope: • Saw Jupiter’s moons, Saturn’s rings, phases of Venus and stars in the Milky Way • Proved heliocentric theory • The Starry Messenger, 1610 • Dialogue Concerning the Two Principal Systems of the World, 1632 • Persecuted by Inquisition – forced to recant.

6. Sir Isaac Newton1643-1727 • Mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher • Developed calculus contemporaneously but separately from Liebniz • PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica: described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion • Opticks: discovered that light was composed of particles Godfrey Kneller's Sir Isaac Newton at 46

7. The Age of Reason • 17th c. philosophers broke with Medieval and Renaissance scholasticism • System-builders — philosophers who present unified systems of epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and ethics, and often politics and the physical sciences • RATIONALISTS: Knowledge can be gained through the power of reason – mathematics as basis of knowledge • Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz • EMPIRICISTS: Knowledge comes through the senses, through experience – physical sciences as basis of knowledge • Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume

8. René Descartes1596-1660“Cogito ergo sum” “I think, therefore, I am” • “Father of Modern Philosophy,” “Father of Modern Mathematics” • Developed analytic geometry • Discourse on the Method: methodological skepticism – favors deduction over perception René Descartes. Portrait by Frans Hals, 1648

9. Francis Bacon1561-1626 • Leading advocate for empiricism • Inductive reasoning: fact > axiom > law • NovumOrganum (New Method), 1620: advocated scientific study guided by precise methodolgy: experimentation, tabulation, record keeping • Separation of religion and science

10. The Enlightenment • 18th c. movement in European and American philosophy and intellectual thought which advocated REASON as the primary basis for authority. • Period is marked by: • Nation building • Government consolidation • Systemization of knowledge: academies, encyclopedias, dictionaries • Decline in power of authoritarian institutions such as the church and nobility • Greater rights for common people

11. Prominent Enlightenment Philosophers Voltaire Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft David Hume

12. A CLASS SOCIETY • The Aristocracy • Professionals • Scientists • Physicians • Attorneys • Clergy • Literati • Military Officers • Merchants and Bankers • Tradespeople • Working Class • Domestic Servants • Hired labor • Apprentices • The Unemployed: debtors, beggars,thieves • Peasants

13. Poverty and Unemployment • Displaced agrarian labor • No social safety net • Education only for the elite • Child labor • Cheap gin Gin Lane (1751). Etching and Engraving by William Hogarth. The New York Public Library.

14. Societal Ideals • Clear hierarchical structures • Public life more important than private life • Decorum: well-defined codes of behavior • Society:importance of the social group and shared opinion • Marriage and family as a social microcosm • Urbane: the city is the center of human discourse – the country is pastoral, an idealized refuge for renewal and relaxation, or the venue of the ignorant “country bumpkins” • Wit:the importance of language used well

15. Social Gatherings Prince of Wales Samuel Johnson Oliver Goldsmith James Boswell Hester Thrale Mary “Perdita” Robinson Duchess of Devonshire Vauxhall Gardens (1784). A drawing by Thomas Rowlandson. Victoria and Albert Royal Museum.

16. Coffee and News Periodicals and Newpapers Addison and SteeleThe Spectator Periodical Essays Literary Criticism Character Sketches Political Discussion Philosophical Ideas A London coffeehouse. The British Museum

17. Literary Salons • Intellectual and literary circles formed around women • Brought together members of society and philosophers and artists • Emphasis on conversation and wit A reading of Molière, Jean François de Troy, ca. 1728

18. Neo-Classicism • The consideration of Greek and Roman art and literature as “the canon” of art • Adoption of Classical conventions into art, architecture and literature • Desire for stability and order • Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns • The Ancients: Greece and Rome established standards and models never to be excelled • The Moderns: those standing on the shoulders of their predecessors could see farther – the new could excell the ancient

19. G. P. Pannini assembles the canon of Roman ruins and Roman sculpture into one vast imaginary gallery (1756)

20. Neo-Classical Artist • Social • Arbiter of Taste • Elitist • Moral • Intellectual • Critic Louis Michel van Loo Portrait of Diderot

21. Artistic Conventions • Verisimilitude • a semblance of truth • Hazlitt: “the close imitation of men and manners… the very texture of society as it really exists.” • recognizable settings and characters in real time • elimination of fantastic and supernatural elements • Morality • Revelation of ideal moral patterns • Poetic justice: the good are rewarded and the wicked punished • God’s plan is inevitably just • Universality • Social norms are unchanged regardless of period or locale • Decorum • Appropriate adherence to contemporary behavioral standards

22. ARTIFICE J. S. Muller after Samuel Wale, A General Prospect of Vaux Hall Gardens Shewing at one View the disposition of the whole Gardens (after 1751).

23. ARTIFICE • Art as an improvement upon nature • Neo-classical ideals: balance, harmony, reason • Gardens • Major poetic forms: • Heroic couplets: rhymed iambic pentameter (English): ں / ں / ں / ں / ں / • Alexandrines:rhymed iambic hexameter (French):ں / ں / ں / ں / ں / ں / • Epic and mock epic • Poetic essay

24. Literary Genres • Drama:comedy and tragedy • Epistle:public letters in poetry or prose • Epic:didactic, idealistic, • Ode:occasional poem in praise of an event or person • Satire: exposure of public and private foolishness • Mock epics • Mock odes • Epigrams:pithy, witty ideas • Novels:realistic portrayals of bourgeois life

25. Social Satire • Voltaire, Candide • Alexander Pope • Mock epic: “The Rape of the Lock” • Literary Satire: “The Dunciad • Jonathan Swift • “A Modest Proposal” • Gulliver’s Travels

26. Entertainment Theatre Opera Symphony The Laughing Audience (1733). Etching and engraving by William Hogarth. The New York Public Library

27. French Neoclassical Theatre, 17th-18th C. • Modelled theatre on Greek and Roman examples • Disdained English Elizabethan theatre’s “messiness” and eclecticism • Neoclassical Conventions • Decorum • Verisimilitude • Universal truths • Poetic: Alexandrines • 5 act structure • 3 unities: time, place action

28. Tragedy and Comedy • Rulers/nobility • Affairs of state • Unhappy ending • Lofty poetic style • Revealed the horrible results of mistakes and misdeeds committed from passion • Corneille and Racine • Middle class/bourgeosie • Domestic/private affairs • Happy ending – often deus ex machina • Ordinary speech • Ridicules behavior that should be avoided • Moliere

29. Pierre Corneille1606-1684 • Known as “the founder of French tragedy” • Chafed under the critical strictures of Cardinal Richelieu and the Académie Français • Le Cid 1637Querelle de Cid

30. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliére1622-1673 • Playwright, actor, producer – headed his own theatrical company • Favorite of Louis XIV – troupe was established at court: Palais Royale Theatre • Influenced by commedia dell arte and by Roman comedies and French farces – he used these forms to ridicule social and moral pretensions. • Le Misanthrope, (The Misanthrope), L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur, (Tartuffe or the Hypocrite), L'Avare ou l'École du mensonge (The Miser), Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Bourgeois Gentleman).

31. First tragedies originally produced by Moliere’s company – he defected to the rival Hôtel de Bourgogne Most of his tragedies are based on classical themes and tragedies Considered the master of the Alexandrine line Major works:Andromaque (1667) Britannicus(1669) Bérénice (1670) Iphigénie (1674) Phèdre (1677) Jean Racine1639-1699

32. Theatres reopened with restoration of Charles II French influence: Actresses Heroic couplets Neoclassical modes: Social comedies Heroic tragedies Comedy of Manners Witty--language driven Satirical of social mores Risque Marriage and money English Restoration Theatre Painting of the interior of the Drury Lane Theater. Thomas Rowlandson. The British Library.

33. Playwright • The Forced Marriage (1670) • The Amorous Prince (1671) • Abdelazar (1676) • The Rover (1677-81) • The Feign'dCurtezans(1679) • The City Heiress (1682) • The Lucky Chance (1686) • The Lover's Watch (1686) • The Emperor of the Moon (1687) • Lycidus (1688) England’s first professional female author:AphraBehn Novelist • Venice Preserv'd • The History of the Nun • Love Letters between a Nobleman and his sister (1684) • The Fair Jilt (1688) • Oroonoko (c.1688) • The Unfortunate Happy Lady: ATrue History

34. The Royal Exchange. Engraving by Bartolozzi. The British Library Commerce The Rise of the Middle Class Increased Literacy Leisure Time International Trade Empire Building

35. Triangular Trade

36. Global Cooling: 1550-1700The Little Ice Age • Shorter growing seasons • Rising grain prices • Increased illness – outbreaks of the plague in Europe and China • Shifts in fishing and trade patterns Frost Fair on the Thames River, 1677

37. Pieter Breughel, 1565Hunters in the Snow

38. Transculturation • “The Age of Discovery was largely over, the age of imperialism as yet to come. The seventeenth century was the age of improvisation.” Timothy Brook, Vermeer’s Hat • Mutual influence among cultures – negotiation and borrowing • Age of mobility • Europeans adopted new technologies: magnetic compass, paper, gunpowder – all invented in China

39. China’s Demand for Silver http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=2158

40. Manila Galleon Center for Chinesetraders New Spain Potosi Silver Mine

41. VermeerThe Geographer1668-69 Model: Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek? Genre painting – science embodied in astronomy and geography VermeerThe Astronomer1668

42. The Terrestrial Globe The Celestial Globe

43. Jan Vermeer, 1632-75View of Delft, 1658 The pre-eminence of Holland in Global Trade: The Dutch East Indies Co. Warehouse of the Dutch East India Company

44. Officer and Laughing Girl 1655-60

45. Interior with a Dordrecht Family (detail)NicolaesMaes1656 Delft China 18th Century, Companie Des Indes

46. Girl Reading a Letter1657-59 Woman Asleep,1656-57

47. Woman Holding a Balance1662-65 Dutch Silver Ducat

48. The Emergence ofWOMEN ARTISTSandWOMEN LOOKING AT THEMSELVES

49. SofonisbaAnguisolac. 1532- 1625Self-Portrait, c. 1554 • Italian • Spent 10 yrs. at court of Philip II in Madrid • An aristocrat, not daughter of painter but encouraged by her father • Numerous self-portraits -- more than any other artist between Dürer & Rembrandt

50. Sofonisba Anguisola, The Chess Game, 1559