What are the gaps/future plans for filling these gaps/what areas need looking at IMPLANTS/PROSTHETICS

1. Evidence for up-to-date clinical dental practice – a review of 10 years of the Cochrane Oral Health Group30th-31st May 2006, Manchester What are the gaps/future plans for filling these gaps/what areas need looking atIMPLANTS/PROSTHETICS MARCO ESPOSITO Senior Lecturer in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, and Editor of the Cochrane Oral Health Group, The University of Manchester, UK; Assoc Prof in Biomaterials, Göteborg University, Sweden

2. AN OVERVIEW From 11 Cochrane reviews on osseointegrated dental implants and 1 review on prosthetics Updated to March 2006 http://www.cochrane.orghttp://www.cochrane-oral.man.ac.uk

3. We shall discuss specifically the gaps of the topics covered in the Cochrane reviews, since we know what has been done in these fields. It can difficult to discuss the gaps not knowing what has been done (importance of the systematic reviews). However, additional gaps can be addressed by the participants.

4. 1 BONE AUGMENTATION PROCEDURES A) to test whether and when bone augmentation procedures are necessary. B) to test which is the most effective bone augmentation technique for specific clinical indications. Trials were divided into 3 broad categories according to different clinical indications: • major vertical and/or horizontal bone augmentation • implants placed in extraction sockets • treatment of fenestration around implants.

5. 1 BONE AUGMENTATION PROCEDURES • Last literature search: October 2005 • 13 RCTs with 330 participants (17 RCTs excluded) Bone augmentation of athrophic edentulous mandibles (1 trial) Stellingsma 2003 short implant vs “sandwich” bone graft Sinus lifting (3 trials) Wannfors 2000 1-stage block vs 2-stage particulated bone Hallman 2002 1-stage particulated bone vs 80%Bio-Oss/20%bone vs 100% Bio-Oss Szabó 2005 2-stage: particulated bone vs 100% tricalciumphosphates (Cerasorb)

6. DESCRIPTION OF STUDIES Vertical augmentation (2 trials) Chiapasco 2004 bone + titanium barrier vs distraction osteogenesis Merli submitted particulated bone: resorbable barrier + plates vs titanium barrier Immediate implants in fresh extraction sockects (4 trials) Cornelini 2004 resorbable barrier + Bio-Oss Chen1 2005 non-resorbable vs resobable + particulated bone Chen2 2005 particulated bone vs control Chen manuscript Bio-Oss vs Bio-Oss + resorbable barrier Fenestrations and dehiscence around implants (3 trials) Dahlin 1991 non-resorbable barrier vs control Carpio 2000 GBR + bone/Bio-Oss: resobable vs non-resorbable Jung 2003 resorbable barrier & Bio-Oss + rhBMP-2 (placebo)

7. Titanium reinforced barriers for vertical GBRpreoperative postoperative

8. CONCLUSIONS • In atrophic edentulous mandibles there are more implant failures, complications, pain, cost and longer treatment time using “sandwich” bone grafts than short implants. • Sinus lifting with 100% bone substitutes (Bio-Oss and Cerasorb) might work with sinus floor < 5 mm. • It is possible to augment bone vertically, however complications are frequent and it is unclear which is the most effective technique.

9. CONCLUSIONS • It unclear whether augmentation procedures are needed in postextractive sockets and which is the most effective augmentation procedure. In sites treated with Bio-Oss + barriers, the gingival margins may be positioned 1.2 mm higher than in sites treated with barriers alone. • GBR allows bone augmentation at fenestrated implant, but it is unclear whether it is needed, and which is the most effective technique. • Complications with GBR procedures are common. There might be an association between bone retrieved with “bone filters” also using a dedicated suction device and infective complications.

10. Where are the gaps When bone augmentation procedures are actually needed? Which procedures are associated with the least discomfort and complications for the patients, without jeopardizing (ideally improving) success rates? Sinus lift: use of 100% bone substitutes. Vertical augmentation: bone blocks, particulated bone/bone substitutes and GBR, osteodistraction, active molecules, split-crest techniques (only for horizontal augmentation). Postextractive implants: grafting or not, what to graft (bone or slow resorbable bone substitutes), membranes? Duration of follow-up.

11. What trials are needed

12. 2 Various implant characteristics/systems Is a surface modification, an implant shape, a material or an implant system more effective than the others? Last literature search: February 2005. 12 RCTs with 512 participants and 12 different implant systems (19 RCTs excluded). 4 RCTs with a 5-year follow-up. Minor statistically significant differences in marginal bone loss and in the occurrence of perimplantitis (20% risk reduction to have perimplantitis at 3 years around implants with a machined surface). No statistically significant difference in failure rates. We do not know whether any implant system is superior to the others. It does not mean that they are all the same!

13. Where are the gaps • Is the material, the macrodesign, the surface characteristics or a combination of those characteristics relevant for the success? • HA-coated implants? • No statistically significant difference but not a single study was powered to detect any! • Duration of follow-up • Constant changes of surface characteristics (mostly for marketing reasons!) • Is it better to have an early failure today or a perimplantitis tomorrow? IN MEDIO STAT VIRTUS = Virtue stands in the middle?!

14. What trials are needed

15. 3 Immediate, early or conventional loading Is there any difference if implants are immediately or early loaded? Last literature search: February 2004. 5 RCTs with 124 participants (2 RCTs excluded). For “good quality mandibles” we do not know whether a difference does exist. It does not mean that the techniques provide the same results!

16. Where are the gaps • Other clinical indications (fully edentulous maxillas, partial edentulism)? • More failures can be acceptable? • Factors affecting success of immediate loading. • Immediate loading is more interesting for the patients than early loading.

17. What trials are needed

18. 4 Maintenance Which is the most effective maintenance technique or regimen? Last literature search: June 2004. 5 RCTs with 127 participants (9 RCTs were excluded); electric (1 RCT) and sonic (1 RCT) vs manual toothbrush; phosphoric acid gel vs debridement (1 RCT); subgingival vs chlorhexidine mouthrinses (1 RCT); adjunctive Listerine mouthrinse vs placebo (1 RCT). Follow-up: 6 weeks-5 months. Adjunctive Listerine mouthrinse reduces dental plaque and marginal bleeding.

19. Where are the gaps • The longest follow-up was of 5 months!

20. What trials are needed

21. 5 Surgical techniques Is there any surgical technique associated to higher success rates? Last literature search: September 2002. 4 RCTs (5 RCTs excluded). 2 RCTs compared 2 versus 4 implants with mandibular overdentures (170 participants); 2 RCTs compared a crestal surgical incision with a vestibular incision (20 participants). We do not know whether a surgical technique is superior, however, 2 mandibular implants are sufficient to hold an overdenture. It does not mean that all techniques are the same!

22. Where are the gaps • 1-stage versus 2-stage techniques. • How many implants for overdentures. • Incision techniques. • Techniques to reconstruct the papillas. • Techniques to increase the keratinized tissues. • Flapless implant placement. • Computer guided surgery.

23. What trials are needed

24. 6 Immediate, immediate-delayed and delayed implants in extraction sockets How long time we need to wait to insert an implant in postextractive sockets? Last literature search: March 2006. 1 RCT with 46 participants: immediate delayed (ca 10 days) vs delayed (ca 3 months) implants. Follow-up (loading) 1 year and half. Patients treated with immediate-delayed implants were more satisfied, and the peri-implant tissues position was judged to be more appropriate in relation to the neighbouring teeth by and independent and masked assessor.

25. Where are the gaps • When placing the implants? • Immediate is better than immediately-delayed for the patients. • How to place the implants (subcrestally, slightly lingually)? • Are bone augmentation procedures needed? • What type of bone augmentation procedures are needed? • How closing the flaps (1- or 2-stage procedure)?

26. What trials are needed

27. 7 Treatment of perimplantitis Which is the most effective treatment for perimplantitis? Last literature search: March 2006. 5 RCTs with 106 participants (2 RCTs excluded): local antibiotics vs debridement (2 RCT) mechanical (Vector) vs manual debridement (1 RCT) laser vs debridement and Chlorhexidine irrigation/gel (1 RCT) systemic antibiotics + 2 different local antibiotics + resective surgery + modification of the surface topography. Follow-up 3 months – 2 years

28. 7 PERIMPLANTITIS

29. 7 Treatment of perimplantitis No difference between more complex procedures and conventional debridement in light forms of perimplantitis. The adjunctive use of local antibiotics (doxycycline) to debridement showed an improvement of about 0.6 mm for PAL and PPD, after 4 months in patients affected by severe forms of perimplantitis (bone loss > 50%).

30. Where are the gaps • Length of the follow-up (1-5 years minimum). • To start with the simpler procedures. • To include enough patients to detect a difference. • Clearly define whether early or more advanced forms of perimplantitis are treated.

31. What trials are needed

32. 8 Preprosthetic surgery vs implants Which intervention is more effective: preprosthetic surgery and denture vs an implant supported prosthesis? Last literature search: October 2005. 1 RCT with 60 participants. Patients treated with preprosthetic surgery and dentures are less satisfied than patients who received a mandibular overdenture on implants.

33. Where are the gaps • ………………………….?

34. What trials are needed

35. 9 Use of prophylactic antibiotics Does the use of prophylactic antibiotics decrease postoperative complications and early failures? Last literature search: March 2006. 0 RCT.

36. Where are the gaps

37. What trials are needed

38. 10 Zygomatic implants Zygomatic implants with and without bone grafting versus conventional implants in augmented bone. Last literature search: March 2006. 0 RCT.

39. Where are the gaps • Zygomatic implants can be associated with frequent short and long-term complications (wrong positioning, chronic sinusitis) and are very difficult to be placed. • It is extremely difficult to remove them. • Computer guided surgery? • Long follow-up (1-5 years minimum)

40. What trials are needed

41. 11 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Does hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy decrease implant failures and complications in irradiated patients? Last literature search: March 2006. 0 RCT.

42. Where are the gaps

43. 12 Denture chewing surface designs Which denture chewing surface design should be used? Last literature search: April 2004. 1 cross-over RCT with 30 participants (1 RCT excluded): lingualised (maxillary anatomic and mandibular non-anatomic) vs zero-degree teeth. Patients preferred dentures with lingualised teeth.

44. Where are the gapsANY OTHER SUGGESTED TOPIC

45. THANK YOU Comments to espositomarco@hotmail.com