Today:

1. Today: • Genetic Technology Wrap-up • Exam Review Remember: Final Exam is Wednesday, 12/13 at 1 pm!

2. Concept Check: Can you map the steps/process that get you to a DNA sequence like this?

3. One Last Problem: Ordering the Fragments

4. PCR: A Quick Review PCR helps make GENOMICS possible!

5. Studying Gene Expression: DNA Microarrays

6. Below: The Results of a DNA Microarray or DNA Chip Analysis Above: The process of making a chip, like much of current DNA Technology, is heavily automated.

7. DNA is often “Fingerprinted” using a Southern Blot:

8. A Southern Blot: This Southern Blot was used to characterize Tuberculosis outbreaks in New York City. Strain W is multi-drug resistant. Molecular Identification of Streptomycin Monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Related to Multidrug-Resistant W Strain, P. Bifani et al., 2001

9. 1. Consider the enzyme pathway: Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 A  B  C According to Beadle and Tatums’ one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, how many gene(s) is (are) necessary for this pathway? a. 0 b. 2 c. 1 d. 3 e. it cannot be determined

10. 2. RNA differs from DNA in that RNA a. contains uracil instead of thymine b. is found only in the cytoplasm c. contains ribose as its sugar d. both a and c are correct e. a, b, and c are correct.

11. 3. Where is the attachment site for RNA polymerase? a. initiation region b. operator region c. structural gene region d. regulator region e. promoter region

12. 4. All of the following are found in prokaryotic messenger RNA except a. cytosine b. introns c. the UGA (stop) codon d. uracil e. the AUG (start) codon

13. Which of the following DNA mutations is the most potentially damaging to the protein it specifies? • a. a substitution in the last base of a codon • b. a codon deletion • c. a point mutation (base substitution) • d. a codon substitution • e. a base-pair deletion

14. 6.The alteration of a cell’s genotype by the uptake of naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment is called a a. transduction b. conjunction c. prionization d. transformation e. horizontal transmission

15. 7. What does the operon model explain? a. the control mechanism of gene expression in bacteria b. bacterial resistance to antibiotics c. the mechanism of viral attachment to a host cell d. horizontal transmission of plant viruses e. how genes move between homologous regions of DNA

16. 8. All of the following consist of a sequence of nucleotide bases except • a. a structural gene b. a promoter • a regulatory gene d. an operator • e. a repressor

17. A DNA sequence reads: • 5`- CCAGTGAGC-3` • Which of the following polypeptide sequences could it code for? • a. Gly-His-Ser b. Ser-His-Gly • c. Pro-Val-Ser d. Ser-Val-Pro • e. Ala-His-Try

18. True (A) or False (B): • In eukaryotic cells, introns are transcribed.

19. 11. True (A) or False (B): A codon may code for the same amino acid as another codon.

20. 12. True (A) or False (B): In a specialized transduction, random portions of bacterial DNA are transferred from one bacteria cell to another.

21. 13. True (A) or False (B): Conjugation may be initiated by either a F+ or a Hfr cell; this cell acts as the DNA donor.

22. 14. True (A) or False (B): Acetylation of the tails of histone proteins triggers the condensation of chromatin.

23. 15. In DNA technology, the process of doing repeated DNA replication to copy a particular region of DNA is called • A Southern Blot b. Gene Cloning • PCR d. DNA Sequencing • e. A Microarray

24. 16. A Southern Blot can confirm the identity of a band of DNA on a gel because of a. the distance the band traveled in the gel b. the pattern of transfer to a membrane c. unique protein-DNA interactions on the membrane d. the binding of specific probes to the band e. careful sequencing of all possible bands

25. 17. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in structure to a. having different genes b. having different chromosomes c. using different genetic codes d. expressing different genes e. having unique ribosomes

26. 18. Which of the following best describes the approximate percent of the human genome that appears to directly code for proteins? a. < 5% b. ~25% c. ~50% d. ~75% e. > 95%

27. 19. Gene expression can be controlled by a. alternative splicing of introns b. mRNA degradation c. translation initiation d. protein processing and degradation e. all of the above

28. 20. Which of the following best describes the function of the dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) used in DNA sequencing? They… • act as probes, allowing for the identification of specific DNA molecules. • provide the basic building blocks for the DNA polymerase • provide the energy source for the synthesis of new DNA polymers • terminate the synthesis of DNA at random locations • provide a double-stranded binding site for the attachment of the DNA polymerase

29. I thought the last exam was a. Too long b. Too short c. Just right d. Too hard e. Too easy

30. If I was taking this class again, I would want a. 4 exams like this time b. 3 exams (more class time!) c. just a midterm and a final d. no exams! e. homework

31. Other Questions?