About the Author

1. About the Author Arlynn McMahon Flight school owner Instrument Instructor since 1980 Over 10,000 hrs dual given 5,000 hrs actual instrument Master Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor 2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year Author, Train Like You Fly, a Flight Instructor’s Guide to Scenario Based Training Questions?arlynn@aerotech.net (You will find notes for the instructor or educator in the notes version of the presentation.) Photo Credit: ASA All photos taken from the author’s personal library and Microsoft Clip Art except as noted.

2. 4E INSTRUMENT RATING Practical Test Standards What’s Different and Recommendations for Training

3. Why We Are Here Effective January 2010 With Change 2 revised March 16, 2010 Download Now Presentation is not a complete synopsis of the instrument rating practical exam. Focus is on the difference between old versus new versions.

4. Why a PTS Revision? Traditionally: • Instructor teaches pilot how to fly procedures • Pilot reaches proficiency in tasks • Examiner verifies proficiency in tasks during practical exam • Examiner issues certificate

5. Concepts in the New PTS • Instructor teaches pilot how to fly procedures • Pilot builds aeronautical decision-making skills • Pilot reaches proficiency with tasks • Pilot becomes proficient in aeronautical decision-making • Flight test verifies proficiency in tasks • Flight test verifies aeronautical decision-making skills • Examiner issues certificate Pilots are prepared to make good decisions after certification.

6. Traditional vs. New The attempt is to build pilot skills AND judgment. Old New Decision Making Proficiency Decision Making Proficiency

7. Train Like You Fly Can’t teach judgment … but it can be learned Scenario-Based Training • Airlines: Line Oriented Flight Training • Military: “Fly like you fight” Teaching with scenarios builds proficiency in making decisions. Testing with scenarios demonstrates decision-making skills.

8. Examining with Scenarios “Plan of action”… a tool used in evaluating an applicant. Required and optionalTASKS are selected. Examiner use a scenario. Scenario interjects problems and emergencies which the applicant must manage. Scenario is developed so that most of the TASKS are accomplished within the scenario. PTS reference page 5

9. Not separate tasks, but evaluated throughout the practical exam PTS Reference Page 7 Special Emphasis Areas 4D 4E NEW

10. LPV – Precision or Non-Precision? • A LPV approach with a decision altitude: • greater than 300’ HAT may be used as a • non-precisionapproach • equal to or less than 300’ HAT can be used as a • precision approach GPS must be certified and contain the current database. PTS Reference Page 7

11. Non-Precision IAPs • At least 2 non-precision IAPs • 1 must include a procedure turn or TAA procedure • At least 1 non-precision IAP • flown without autopilot or radar vectors. • At least 1 non-precision IAP • conducted without vertical guidance, if equipment allows Examiner selects non-precision IAPs, representative of the type that the applicant is likely to use. • Must use two different types of navigational aids. • NDB, VOR, LOC, LDA, SDF, GPS, or RNAV (including LNAV/VNAV and RNP-AR). PTS Reference Page 1-9

12. Autopilot If installed … expected to use the autopilot … required to demonstrate during a non-precision approach. PTS reference Page 8

13. If installed Must demonstrate proficiency GPS Photo Credit: Cirrus.com You can’t slide by with an INOP sticker! PTS Reference Page 9

14. Train and evaluate each component individually. New PTS has standards for each Six Components of SRM Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) Risk Management (RM) Task Management (TA) Situational Awareness (SA) Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Automation Management (AM) Single Pilot Resource Management Photo Credit: NASA.gov

15. Aeronautical Decision Making PTS Reference Page 13 Perceive the circumstances for your flight. Process by evaluating their impact on flight safety. Perform by implementing the best course of action. Hazardous Attitudes: Macho Invulnerability Resignation Anti-Authority Impulsivity

16. Risk Management FAA Risk Management Handbook, available, free download at faa.gov. Google “FAA FITS” to find reference online PTS Reference Page 14 • 4 Fundamental Risk Elements • Pilot • Aircraft • Environment • Operation Illness Medicine Stress Alcohol Fatigue Eat/Energy • 5P Model • Pilot • Plane • Plan • Profile • Passengers

17. Task Management PTS Reference Page 14 Photo Credit: Cessna Aircraft Company

18. Situational Awareness PTS Reference Page 15 • Situation Awareness • Knowing the current situation and the future situation of the • Pilot • Plane • Plan • Programming • Passengers

19. Controlled Flight Into Terrain PTS Reference Page 15 The reference is overwhelming. Instructors, scale it down to “need to know” for your training environment. Photo Credit: Quest Aircraft Company

20. Automation Management PTS Reference Page 16 Photo Credit: Cirrus Aircraft Company

21. Judgment Assessment Matrix SRM, not an individual task but evaluated throughout each task. If any area is unacceptable then the practical exam is unsuccessful. PTS reference Appendix 3

22. Instrument Proficiency Check … The person giving the check should develop a scenario that incorporates as many required tasks as practical to assess the pilot’s ADM and risk management skills during the IPC. Photo Credit: Cirrus.com

23. Build These Tasks into your IPC Scenario IIIC Holding IVB Unusual Flight Attitudes VA Intercepting & Tracking VIA Non-precision Approaches VIB Precision Approaches VIC Missed Approach VID Circling Approach VIE Landing Straight In or Circling VIID Partial Panel VIII Instrument Cockpit Check PTS Reference Page 1-vii

24. New TASK PTS Reference Page 1-1

25. Cross Country Flight Planning Photo Credit: AOPA.org PTS reference page 1-2

26. Cross Country Flight Planning Icing NEW • Good Training Stuff: • FAASafety.gov Search for Icing. • NASA Icing Training. (Google it) Photo Credit: NASA.gov PTS reference page 1-2

27. Instruments and Nav Equipment PTS Reference Page 1-3 • Important to know About Your Autopilot for the FAA Instrument Practical Exam • Operations of • Modes of • Pre-Takeoff Check • Operating Limitations • Warning and Alerts NEW

28. Air Traffic Control Clearances Photo Credit: PiperAircraft.com SRM Throughout Use a fill-in-the-blanks sheet for IFR clearance read backs. PTS reference page 1-5

29. If the equipment is installed, Know how to use it, and … use it! Photo Credit: AOPA.org

30. Non-Precision Approach Stabilized approach –now it’s specifically listed! SRM, it’s here, too! PTS reference page 1-10

31. What Makes an Approach “Stabilized” Achieved by/at/nearly-after the FAF and continued to touchdown: Landing configuration established Approach airspeed set for lowest possible category Tracking within one dot on course Appropriate power setting 500-700 FPM rate of descent (Non-precision) On or within one-dot-above glide slope (Precision) Only minor corrections This is the author’s definition and is not a FAA or a PTS definition.

32. Habits of a 30-Year Flight Instructor

33. Habits of a 30-Year Flight Instructor Flight Director • Directs the climbs, descents, heading changes • Prescribes the control input to accomplish those maneuvers • Directs level offs • If the pilot does not make the needed corrections in a timely manner, it makes them automatically • Are you a flight director?

34. Training Concepts Emphasis on the pilot’s • Planning and preparation for the flight • SRM during the flight • Using technology • Being the Pilot IN COMMAND (Being in control, in charge, making things happen the way he/she wants things to happen.)

35. Training the Pilot to be PIC This is a sample lesson plan from one flight school and is not prescribed/required by the FAA or the new PTS.

36. Train in Real Conditions Confident, competent instrument pilots are not made in clear skies. Train in the clouds!

37. Keeping it Real The scenario outcomes are directed. … but pilot plans the specifics … just like in real life

38. Suggested Airports and IAPs Providing a list of suggested local airports will help everyone (pilots and instructors) get started.

39. New Elements of Lesson Plans 3 It’s difficult to grade the decisions that the pilot made, but the Decision Box provides a place for a written record and encourages discussion about decisions. 1 More emphasis placed on scenario planning and the pilot’s preparation for each flight. We now treat each lesson as if we were really going someplace with weather briefing, determining performance and verifying aircraft inspection status. 2 Also included in the content of each lesson is emphasis on each SRM component.

40. Summary Students/Pilots/Applicants - Pick up copies of lesson plans/assignments Allow plenty of time to prepare for flight Instructors - Understand how to administer and evaluate IPCs Recommended guidance materials Risk Management Handbook Instrument Flying Handbook Instrument Procedures Handbook http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/

41. About the Author Arlynn McMahon Flight school owner Instrument Instructor since 1980 Over 10,000 hrs dual given 5,000 hrs actual instrument Master Instructor, Gold Seal Instructor 2009 National Flight Instructor of the Year Author, Train Like You Fly, a Flight Instructor’s Guide to Scenario Based Training Questions?arlynn@aerotech.net Photo Credit: ASA All photos taken from the author’s personal library and Microsoft Clip Art except as noted.