Content of Lecture

1. Content of Lecture 8.1 Composition of waste 8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial waste 8.3 Hazardous waste 8.4 Health care waste 8.5 Organic waste 8.6 Other type of waste

2. 8.1 Composition of waste 8.1 Composition of waste Waste from industrialized countries Characteristics: high content of packaging made of paper, plastic, glass and metal Moisture Content: Low Density: Low Waste from developing countries Characteristics: large amounts of inerts such as sand, ash, dust and stones and high moisture levels because of the high usage of fresh fruit and vegetables. Moisture Content: High Density: High

3. 8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial 8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial • Municipal waste includes: • - bulky waste (e.g. white goods, old furniture, mattresses); • - yard waste, leaves, grass clippings, street sweepings, the content of litter containers. • - market cleansing waste, if managed as waste • It includes waste originating from: • - households • - commerce and trade, small businesses, office buildings and institutions (schools, hospitals, government buildings)

4. 8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial 8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial Industrial waste includes: Waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. Industrial waste may be not hazardous or toxic, such as waste fiber produced by agriculture and logging and may be hazardous. Precisely, Industrial waste is the unwanted materials produced in or eliminated from an industrial operation and categorized under a variety of headings, such as liquid wastes, sludge, solid wastes and hazardous wastes.

5. 8.3 Hazardous Waste 8.3 Hazardous Waste Definition Wastes other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment. (UNEP) Definition will decide whether or not a waste should be controlled (this is important for the generator as well as the regulator)

6. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Exposure Routes

7. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Classification of Hazardous Waste • Listse.g. Basel Convention, EU European Waste Catalogue, US EPA list • Source/ origine.g. processes: Chemical manufacturers • Characteristicse.g. toxicity, reactivity • Properties-chemical, physical and biological-e.g. inorganic, organic, oily, sludges • Constituentse.g. mercury compounds (mercury chloride, mercury nitrate)

8. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Methods of Waste Classification: by Lists e.g. Basel Convention Annex I EU European Waste Catalogue; US EPA list

9. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Methods of Waste Classification: by Origin Some types of waste associated with different industries and activities Chemical manufacturers Chemical process wastes Acids and alkalis Spent solvents Reactive wastes Discarded commercial chemical products Construction industry Paint wastes Spent solvents Strong acids and bases Vehicle maintenance shops Paint wastes Used oils Spent solvents Acids and alkalis Furniture and wood manufacturing and refinishing Spent solvents Paint wastes

10. Inorganic wastes e.g. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewater from electroplating Organic wastes e.g. pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs Oily wastes e.g. lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel oils Sludges e.g. from metal working, painting, wastewater treatment 8.3 Hazardous Waste Methods of Waste Classification: by chemical, biological and physical properties

11. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Methods of Waste Classification: by characteristics Chemical wastes may exhibit … and may pose • Toxicity • Corrosivity • Ignitability • Reactivity • Eco-toxicity Health hazard Physical hazard Environmental harm Miscellaneous wastes - small quantities, widespread - may pose greatest risks in developing economies

12. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Hazardous Characteristics: Eco-toxicity Eco-toxic wastes are harmful or fatal to other species or to the ecological integrity of their habitats • Examples: • Heavy metals • Detergents • Oils • Soluble salts

13. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Relative composition of hazardous waste types by region Source: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION Global waste survey, final report 1885

14. Hazardous waste from households - outside the controls in many countries Small quantity generators - often placed outside the system, at least initially Aqueous effluents discharged to sewer or treated on-site - controlled separately from hazardous wastes in most countries Sewage sludge - excluded in some countries Mining wastes - often excluded Agricultural waste - often excluded Nuclear waste - always excluded 8.3 Hazardous Waste Exclusions from Control Systems Some wastes may be excluded from the legal definition of hazardous wastes, and thus not subject to controls. These vary, but may include:

15. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Generators • Industry / Manufacture • Chemical and pharmaceutical manufacture • Metals refining, working and fabrication • Petroleum and coal products • Rubber and plastics manufacture • Municipal solid waste • Households • Commercial, institutional

16. Used motor oils Used car batteries Redundant agricultural pesticides and containers Surplus paints and solvents Medical and health care wastes –> next section 8.3 Hazardous Waste Non-industrial Waste Sources Some examples include:

17. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Waste Generating Industries Large quantity generators: > 1000kg /month eg pharmaceutical companies Medium quantity generators: 100 - 1000kg/month eg laboratories, printers Small quantity generators: <100kg/month eg dental surgeries, photographic processors

18. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Small and Medium Scale Industries In developing economies, these often predominate • Typically they have: • low level of technology • unskilled management • unspecialised workers • lack of modernisation • poor environmental performance • SMIs may account for one third of the total hazardous wastes generated • There are high risks from occupational and environmentalexposure

19. 8.3 Hazardous Waste The Dirty Dozen • tanneries • textile dyeing plants • dyestuff producers • metal working and electroplating shops • foundries • automobile service shops and gas stations • lead-acid battery manufacturing/recycling • chemical industries/laboratories • paint shops • printers • photographic processors • dry cleaners

20. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Quantifying Waste Generation:Inventory/ by Rapid Estimation • Per capita: • 100kg/per person/year for industrialised countries with strong chemical sector • 6kg/per person/year for OECD countries with predominantly agricultural economies • Per unit of GDP: • According to contribution of industry to GDP • According to importance of chemical sector within industry • Per unit of work force • Per number of contaminated sites

21. 8.3 Hazardous Waste Estimated Quantities of Hazardous Wastes (‘000 tonnes per year - as reported by Parties to the Basel Convention 1998) Selected countries: Indonesia 17 Latvia 80 Denmark 281 21 (kg/c/y) Greece 287 Slovakia 1,400 Thailand 1,600 The Netherlands 2,926 200 (kg/c/y) Czech Republic 3,917 130 (kg/c/y) UK 1,846 32 (kg/c/y) Morocco 6,543 China 9,896 Uzbekistan 26,442 Russian Federation 107,060 More than 400 million tonnes of hazardous wastes are generated worldwide each year Source: UNEP Geo 2000

22. Health-care waste includes all the waste generated by health-care establishments, research facilities and laboratories, including health-care waste produced at home (dialysis, insulin injections etc.) 8.4 Health-care Waste 8.4 Health-care Waste Definition

23. 8.4 Health-care Waste Types of Health-care Waste • General waste = non-hazardous, municipal type of waste (about 85% of the total waste produced in health-care facilities) • Special health-care waste = waste requiring special attention, including hazardous waste (about 15% of the total waste produced in health-care facilities)

24. Sharps can be infectious (but are considered as a separate category). Genotoxic substances can be: Cytotoxic drugs Chemicals (but are considered separately) Radioactive (but are considered separately) Chemical waste can be: Hazardous Non-hazardous 8.4 Health-care Waste Classification is not clear-cut

25. Infectious waste (containing pathogens) Pathological waste (body parts, blood, etc.) Sharps (needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc.) Pharmaceutical waste (old medicines, etc.) Genotoxic waste (cytostatic drugs, etc.) Chemical waste (laboratory material, photographic material, solvents, etc.) Heavy metal waste ( batteries, thermometers, etc.) Pressurised containers (aerosol cans, gas cartridges, etc.) Radioactive waste (waste from radiotherapy, etc.) 8.4 Health-care Waste Categories of Special Health-care Waste

26. Hospitals: university, general, district Other health-care establishments: emergency services, health-care centres, dialyses centres, first-aid posts, hospices, blood transfusion centres Laboratories and research centres: (bio)medical laboratories, medical research centres Animal research and testing institutes Blood banks and blood collection services Autopsy centres Nursing homes for the elderly 8.4 Health-care Waste Major Sources of Health-care Waste

27. Small health-care establishments: Physicians’ offices, dental clinics, Gynaecologists, acupuncturists Specialised health-care establishments: Nursing homes, psychiatric hospitals, disabled persons’ institutions Non-health activities: Piercing and tattoo parlours, drug use Ambulance services Home treatment 8.4 Health-care Waste Minor Sources of Health-care Waste

28. High income countries: 0.4 - 5.5 kg/capita/year Middle income countries: 0.3 - 0.4 8.4 Health-care Waste Hazardous Health-care Waste Generation • North America 7 – 10 kg/bed/day • Western Europe 3 – 6 • Latin America 3 • Eastern Asia • high income countries 2.5 - 4 • middle income countries 1.8 - 2.2 • Eastern Europe 1.4 - 2

29. General health-care waste should follow the stream of household waste. Sharps should always be collected together, whether or not they are contaminated and be packed puncture-proof. Bags and containers should always be marked. Highly infected waste should be sterilised. Small amounts of chemical or pharmaceutical waste may be collected together with infectious waste. Large quantities of chemical waste should join the stream of industrial hazardous waste. 8.4 Health-care Waste Good Practises Concerning Health-care Waste

30. 8.5 Organic Waste 8.5 Organic Waste There a number of types of organic waste which are commonly discarded • Domestic or household waste • - food scraps • - garden waste • Commercially produced organic waste • - institutional buildings • - such as schools, • - hotels and restaurants • Animal and human waste • Agricultural residue

31. Thank you for your kind attention!

32. References • http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/Environmental_sanit/MHCWHanbook.htm • Safe management of wastes from health-care activities, edited by A. Prüss, E. Giroult and P. Rushbrook. Geneva, WHO, 1999. • http://www.healthcarewaste.org/linked/onlinedocs/HCWM_NAP(3).pdf • http://www.healthcarewaste.org/linked/onlinedocs/HCW_practicalInfo1.pdf