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Chapter 2.3

Chapter 2.3. CARBON-BASED MOLECULES. CARBON. Basis of most molecules that make up living things (organic) Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons in its outermost energy level It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms – including other carbon atoms. CARBON.

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Chapter 2.3

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  1. Chapter 2.3 CARBON-BASED MOLECULES

  2. CARBON • Basis of most molecules that make up living things (organic) • Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons in its outermost energy level • It can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms – including other carbon atoms

  3. CARBON • Carbon-based molecules have 3 general types of structures: Branched Chain Ring Straight Chain

  4. CARBON • Four types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things: • Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) • Lipids (Triglycerides/Phospholipids) • Proteins (Polypeptides) • Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)

  5. MONOMER POLYMER A large molecule (macromolecule) made of many monomers bound together • Small molecules that are subunits for a larger molecule

  6. CARBOHYDRATES • Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Sugars & starches

  7. CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides (simple sugars) = monomers GLUCOSE: C6H12O6

  8. CARBOHYDRATES • Polysaccharides = polymer made of many monosaccharides bound together. • Starches, glycogen, cellulose

  9. CARBOHYDRATES • Functions: • Short-term energy storage • Simple sugars = energy • Intermediate energy storage • Starch & glycogen • Cell structure (cell walls in plants – cellulose)

  10. LIPIDS • Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils and cholesterol • Contain chains of carbon atoms bounded to oxygen and hydrogen • Functions: • Long-term energy storage • Cell structure (cell membranes)

  11. LIPIDS • Monomers – fatty acids • Can be saturated (maximum number of hydrogens bonded) or unsaturated

  12. LIPIDS • Polymers • Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

  13. LIPIDS • Polymers • Phospholipid: glycerol, 2 fatty acids & • aphosphate group

  14. PROTEINS • Polymers made of monomers called amino acids • Amino acids • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur • 20 amino acids are used to make proteins • 12 are made by the human body • Others are ingested in the food we eat

  15. PROTEINS • Amino Acid Structure • Hydrogen • Amino group (NH2) • Carboxyl group (COOH) • R-group (side chain) • The only part of the amino acid that differentiates them from each other

  16. PROTEINS • Amino acids form covalent bonds with each other to form proteins (polypeptides) • These bonds are called peptide bonds

  17. PROTEINS • The specific sequence of amino acids determine a protein’s STRUCTURE! • Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s shape (structure) which changes the way it works (function)

  18. PROTEINS • Functions: • Proteins are the main players in cells and in an entire organism. Without proteins the most basic functions of life could not be carried out. • Build body tissues • Enzymes, hormones, immune molecules • Keep skin, hair & nails healthy • Involved in water balancing, nutrient transport and muscle contractions

  19. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Polymers that made up of monomers called nucleotides • Nucleotide (3 parts) • Sugar • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen-containing base

  20. NUCLEIC ACIDS • Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins have many functions • Nucleic acids have 1 function • Store detailed instructions to make proteins • DNA & RNA

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