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Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620

Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620. AP U.S. History: Chapter 1 Overview. Las Casas (1542): “it looked as if God has placed all of or the greater part of the entire human race in these countries.”

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Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620

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  1. Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and America, 1450-1620 AP U.S. History: Chapter 1 Overview

  2. Las Casas (1542): “it looked as if God has placed all of or the greater part of the entire human race in these countries.” • Sebastián Vizicaíno (1602): “I have trembled more than eight hundred leagues along the coast and kept a record of all the people I encountered. The coast is populated by an endless number of Indians.”

  3. New England colonist (1630s): “And the bones and skulls upon the several places of their habitations made such a spectacle” that the Massachusetts woodlands “heavily urbanized populations were wiped out.”

  4. What questions should we be asking in response to these passages?

  5. Where we’re going • Native American Societies • Europe and Africa Enter the Scene, 1450-1550 • Spanish Exploration and Conquest • The Protestant Reformation and Rise of England • Social Causes of English Colonization

  6. Native American Societies:We’re comin’ to America (sort of) • 20,000 years ago when last Ice Age created 100-mile land bridge over Bering Strait

  7. What 3 things first come to mind when you think of Native Americans?

  8. Towa people trade with Apaches

  9. Native American Societies • Complex and large -Mesoamerica and S. America: 40 million -N. America: 7 million • Advanced farming-plant domestication • Trade networks with neighbors • Ag surpluspopulation growth, class specialization, city-state formation • Pyramids and temples

  10. Elite class of nobles and priests (supported by taxes from peasant farmers) ruled through descent from sun god, waged war against neighboring chiefdoms, patronized skilled artists • Large populations overburden environment (depletes food supply, leads to disease) • Economic crises lead to migration

  11. Gender • Division of labor: males hunt or fight; females maintain village life (rear kids, tend crops, administer laws/rules of tribe) • Many tribes were matrilineal (tribal rights/responsibilities and social station determined by bloodline of mother)

  12. Despite technological and social developments… • Lacked full-scale defense system • Large geographical distances between tribes • Frequent internal wars • Distinct cultural and linguistic differences

  13. European Agricultural Society • 90% of population peasants • Cooperative farming and exploitation by landlords • Seasonal patterns of birth and death indicate rural nature of peasant existence • High mortality rates: hunger, disease, violence • Significance???

  14. Hierarchy and Authority • Rule from above: kings and princes live in splendor • Noblemen challenge royal authority (French parlements and English House of Lords) • Males rule women and children • Social order and security

  15. Power of Religion • Catholic Church • Crusades 1096-1291: Muslims and pagans (polytheists)

  16. The Renaissance Changes Europe, 1300-1500 • “Rebirth” of learning, economic development, and cultural life • Civic humanism: public virtue and service to the state—created by ruling class of moneyed elite…is coming to America • Machiavelli’s The Prince: alliance of monarchs, merchants, and royal bureaucrats • How could this alliance be mutually beneficial?

  17. Mercantilism • An economic policy that encourages domestic manufacturing and foreign trade • Monarchs allow merchants to trade and grant privileges to gilds (merchants  ) • Monarchs extract taxes from towns and loans from merchants (monarchs  )… • to support their armies and officials (bureaucrats  ) Sig???

  18. German cartographer • Date?

  19. Europeans Explore America • Which European country first dominated the exploration and colonization of the New World?

  20. King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabel of Castile • Married to unify their Christian kingdoms • Finished the reconquista: in 1492 captured the last Islamic state in Western Europe and… • Provided financial backing for Christopher Columbus to find a western route to Asia and bring Christianity • 3 more expeditionscolonization of West Indies

  21. A “New” World • “America” after Amerigo Vespucci—decided land was not Asia but a “nuevo mundo”

  22. The Spanish Conquest • Ruled people of the Indies with an iron hand • Rumors of rich Indian kingdoms in the interior • 1519 Hernan Cortes launches invasion and conquest of the Aztec Empire • Moctezuma believes Cortes may be a returned god and allows him to enter without challenge

  23. Why Spain victorious? • Luck • Indian allies • Superb negotiation skills • Superior military tech. • Internal divisions • Female native interpreter • Disease • Smallpox ruins Tenochtitlan, so Cortes takes the city… measles, influenza, smallpox

  24. Columbian Exchange

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