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Water Quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

International conference of ”River Waters : Perspectives and Challengies for Asia”. Water Quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra). Huang Xiang and Mika Sillanpää November 19th, 2011, New Delhi. Water Tower of Asia. Huang He. Yangtze River. Mekong River. Salween River.

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Water Quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo (Brahmaputra)

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  1. International conference of ”River Waters: Perspectives and Challengies for Asia” Water Quality of the Yarlung Tsangpo(Brahmaputra) Huang Xiang and Mika Sillanpää November 19th, 2011, New Delhi

  2. Water Tower of Asia • Huang He • Yangtze River • Mekong River • Salween River • Irrawaddy • Yarlung Tsangpo • Ganges • Indus

  3. Yangtze River • The longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world (6 300 km, 509 km in Tibet) • It drains in total nearly 1/5 of China (1.8 million km2, 23 060 km2 in Tibet)

  4. Mekong River • The seventh longest river in Asia and the 12th longest in the world (4 500 km, 509 km in Tibet) • It drains in total 810 000 km2(38 300 km2 in Tibet)

  5. Salween • The second longest river in Southeast Asia (3 200 km, 1 393 km in Tibet) • It drains in total 325 000 km2 (102 500 km2 in Tibet)

  6. Yarlung Tsangpo • The largest river on the Plateau • Known as Brahmaputra downstream in India, it becomes the fifth largest river in the world (3 350 km, 2 057 km in Tibet) • It drains in total 630 000 km2 (240 480 km2 in Tibet)

  7. Objectives • To assess temporal and spatial variations of chemical composition of the Yarlung Tsangpo • To address possible mechanisms governing the spatial variation of the water chemistry • To identify potential sources of contamination

  8. Sampling preparations • Total of 35 quality parameters were under • taken in consideration: • Water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity • Major ions (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3-, HCO3-, SO42-, NH4+, PO43- and F-) • Trace elements (Al, As, Ag, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ti, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb and Hg) • Total dissolved sulphur (S), -phosphorus (TDP), - nitrogen (TDN) and -silica (SiO2)

  9. Sampling LAEC

  10. TDS (mg/L) * Calculated according to Wetzel, 1975 Data interpretation - TDS in the Tibetan waters

  11. Ca2+ Na+ Cl- NO3- HCO3- EC Mg2+ SiO2 SO42- K+ Water chemistry of the Tibetan rivers

  12. Contributors of Salween River Cl- Na+ + K+ Salween River main stream Contributors of Mekong River 0 0 100 100 Mekong River main stream Contributors of Yangtze River 20 Yangtze River main stream 20 80 80 Contributors of Yarlung Tsangpo Yarlung Tsangpo main stream 40 40 60 60 60 60 40 40 80 80 20 20 100 100 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 2+ 2+ HCO3- Mg SO42- Ca Data interpretation- Major ion composition

  13. Source: Huang X. Water Quality in the Tibetan Plateau: Chemical Evaluation of the Headwaters of Four Major Asian rivers”, dissertation, University of Eastern Finland, Finland, 2010.

  14. Source: Huang et al. River Res. Applic. 27: 113-121 (2011)

  15. Source: Huang et al. River Res. Applic. 27: 113-121 (2011)

  16. No systematic water quality assessment over the Plateau! As (246 µg/L) Current state LAEC

  17. Source: Huang et al. Sci Tot. Env. 407: 6242-6254 (2009).

  18. Source: Huang et al. River Res. Applic. 27: 113-121 (2011)

  19. Mining in Gyama • Four minesexisted • during the fieldwork, • butmoreminesare • under construction • Onlysedimentation • ponds to treateffluents • Gyama streamdrains • into the Lhasa river, • which is a tributary to • YarlungTsangpo

  20. Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cr, Mo,Mnand Al

  21. Why Tibetan waters -pressures on Tibetan waters

  22. Source: Huang et al. Sci Tot. Env. 407: 6242-6254 (2009).

  23. Source: Huang et al. River Res. Applic. 27: 113-121 (2011)

  24. 0 , 4 SO4 0 , 3 Mg S pH Turbidity 0 , 2 NO3 Ca Temp. Al TDS 0 , 1 EC HCO3 PC 2 (17%) 0 , 0 Ti - 0 , 1 K Cl - 0 , 2 SiO2 Li Fe Mn Na As Mo - 0 , 3 - 0 , 2 - 0 , 1 0 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 PC 1 (37%) Data interpretation- Major controlling factor in Yarlung Tsangpo

  25. Factors affecting water quality of Tibetan rivers • Natural processes • Mining activities • Municipal wastes • Climate change

  26. Thank you for your attention! Mika.Sillanpaa@lut.fi

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