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Gender Differences in Delay of Gratification: A Meta-Analysis Irwin W. Silverman

Gender Differences in Delay of Gratification: A Meta-Analysis Irwin W. Silverman. Alicia Summers Radford University. Purpose: . To analyze possible gender differences in delay of gratification Are females more likely than males to be able to delay gratification?

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Gender Differences in Delay of Gratification: A Meta-Analysis Irwin W. Silverman

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  1. Gender Differences in Delay of Gratification: A Meta-Analysis Irwin W. Silverman Alicia Summers Radford University

  2. Purpose: • To analyze possible gender differences in delay of gratification • Are females more likely than males to be able to delay gratification? • Is there an age difference among delay of gratification results among females and males? • Do results support Bjorklund & Kipp’s hypothesis concerning selection pressures operating during evolution?

  3. Issues to Consider • How is delay of gratification assessed? -Choice between two rewards Small now or larger later if can wait -Choice between one or more rewards After choice made, cannot revoke -Continuous Measures-count of time waited to receive larger reward, or when more than one choice is made -Dichotomous Measures-when only one choice is made

  4. Literature Review • Up until Sept, 2002 • Methods Electronic Sources using keyword phrase “delay of gratification” • PsycINFO • ERIC Search of bibliographies of studies found through database results For Dissertation Abstract found, only those which circulated without cost were used • Studies • 115 found • 33 usable • 38 Effect Sizes

  5. Studies to Include • Must be written in English • Subjects recruited from general population • Participants had to have been offered real instead of hypothetical choices • Must provide information to calculate effect size for gender differences

  6. Potential Moderators • Type of assessment • Dichotomous • Continuous • Age level of participants • Preschool (3-5 years) • Preschool/Elementary (3-11 years) • Elementary (6-11 years) • Adolescence/Adulthood ( 12-17/18+ years)

  7. Dichotomous Measures

  8. Continuous Measures

  9. Results • No overall gender difference • For the dichotomous studies, none of the effect sizes were significant • Means significantly larger for continuous, z = -2.45, p < .05 • For the continuous studies, there was an overall effect size and all subgroups except Elementary age were significant • Only Preschool age was generalizable, all other studies had too much variability and other moderators need to be considered • No significant difference between age groups at any levels

  10. Limitations of the Study • Other potential moderators not mentioned: • Type of reward • Small effect sizes, may be due to small sample sizes • Had to throw out nonsignificant studies of gender differences which may have affected overall effect size • Didn’t search in all available databases • Considered items as continuous even when only three choices

  11. Conclusions regarding Bjorklund & Kipp’s Hypothesis • From a sociobiological perspective, women should be better able to delay gratification than men • Gender differences did favor females • No evidence to support that delay of gratification intensifies with puberty • There are other explanations for gender differences in delay of gratification

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