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Early Civilizations

Explore the early civilizations of ancient Egypt, from the Neolithic inhabitants to the powerful pharaohs. Learn about the Nile River Valley and the three Egyptian dynasties that ruled over the land. Discover the social order, hieroglyphic writing system, and important figures in Egyptian history.

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Early Civilizations

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  1. Early Civilizations

  2. Overview of Ancient Egypt • Early inhabitants (Neolithic's) called the land Kemet • Renamed Egypt by the Greeks • The Nile River Valley (annual floods) • World’s Longest River – flows from South to North • Two Kingdoms by 4,000 B.C. • Lower Kingdom in the North • Upper Kingdom in the South • 3000 B.C. – Narmer invaded Lower Egypt • Marked the first Egyptian Dynasty I. Egyptians

  3. The Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) • Established a theocracy (god-king) • Built pyramids to honor god-kings (mummification) • The Middle Kingdom (2050-1700 B.C.) • Egypt was reunited after a time of upheaval • The capital was moved to Thebes • Were invaded by the Hyksos (from Western Asia) • The New Kingdom (1600-1200 B.C.) • Egyptians overthrew the Hyksos – led by Ahmose • Kings began to use the title Pharaoh II. Three Egyptian Dynasties

  4. Hatshepsut (1480 B.C.) - female pharaoh • Ruled because her son was too young to rule • Extensive building projects • Thutmose III (Hatshepsut’s son) • Expanded the Dynasty to include Syria • Made an “empire” for Egypt – cultural diffusion • Amenhotep: (1370 B.C.) – wife Nefertiti • Decided to make Egypt monotheistic (Aton) • Changed his name to Akhenaton • Moved the capital to central Egypt III. New Kingdom Pharaohs

  5. Tutankhamen (King Tut) • The boy king • Moved the capital back to Thebes • Ramses II (“the Great”) • Fought the Hittites for control of Syria • A.D. 1995, a tomb was uncovered that held 50 of Ramses 52 sons • Egypt weakened after Ramses’ death • Invasions by the Libyans and Kushites

  6. Social Order • Upper class; middle class; lower class • Women's’ rights improved btwn. Old & New Kingdoms • Religion: polytheistic (other than Akhenaton) • Gods were depicted as part human part animal • Writing System • Hieroglyphics: carved picture symbols • Hieratic: cursive for everyday use • Rosetta Stone: part Greek and part Egyptian • Book of the Dead IV. Egyptian Life

  7. Strip of land that stretched from the Med. Sea to the Persian Gulf Mesopotamia: “the land between the rivers” V. The Fertile Crescent

  8. Settled in Mesopotamia in 3500 B.C. • Built the world’s first cities (Ur, Uruk, Eridu) • Built ziggurats – temples in each city-state • only priests could enter the temples • Government: each city was independent • A military leader was chosen to lead/protect • 2700: military leaders were viewed as kings • Leaders served as king and high priest • The legal systems were not clear or consistent VI. The Sumerians

  9. Roles of Men and Women • Men had ultimate authority over families • Women possessed very few rights (buy/sell prop.) • Writing System • Cuneiform: pictograms on wet clay • Gilgamesh was written @ 1850 B.C. • Religion: each god was over a natural force • The gods were viewed as unpredictable/angry • Inventions: • The wheel, 12 mo. Calendar, arch, and sundial • Developed bronze and metal plow

  10. Invaders dreamt of controlling an empire • Sargon I and the Akkadians • Came to power in the 2300s B.C. • United the Mesopotamian city-states • Hammurabi’s Babylonian Empire • Amorites overran Sumerian centers (Babylon) • Hammurabi became the dominant ruler • Increased Babylon's prosperity • Law Code: “Made Justice Appear in the Land” • Law covered the entire region • 282 sections on Daily Life • Clear punishment for crimes VII. Mesopotamian Empires

  11. Babylonian Society • Upper Class: Kings, priests, nobles • Middle Class: artisans, merchants, scribes, farmers • Lower Class: slaves (from war/had not paid debts) • Borrowed ideas and techniques from Sumerians • Writing system, farming techniques, & religion

  12. Larger than both Sumer and Egypt • Located in South Asia • Reached its height @ 2500 – 1500 B.C. • Used the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and Hindu Kush • Seasonal “Monsoons” affect the climate • Winter temps of 70º; Summer temps of 100º • Flooding of the Rivers enriches the soil VIII. The Indus River Valley

  13. Harappan and Mohenjo-Daro civilizations • Centrally planned cities • A citadel, city laid out in a grid • Language and Religion • Written records (pictograms) • Animal/human deities • Collapse • Flooding and violent invasion VIII. Indus River Valley cont.

  14. Zhong Guo – “Middle Kingdom” • Isolated from much of the world • Shang Dynasty (1700-1000 B.C.) • Myths (Creation and founding individuals) • Early Religion – leaders were both pol./relig. • polytheistic • Achievements: metal workings, silk cloth • Mandate of Heaven: • Justified rulers’ authority • If a ruler governed improperly, they lost the mandate IX. Early China

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