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Immigration Reform

Immigration Reform. Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me: I lift up my lamp beside the golden door.“ -Emma Lazarus. 1820s. 1 st mass immigration: 300,000 Why:

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Immigration Reform

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  1. Immigration Reform

  2. Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore,Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed, to me:I lift up my lamp beside the golden door.“ -Emma Lazarus

  3. 1820s • 1st mass immigration: 300,000 • Why: • Post Napoleonic Wars • Landless • Employment/land in America, freedoms • 1820-1890: 15 million immigrants

  4. 1840s • “Old Immigrants”: white Anglo-Saxon, West/Northern Europe • Irish: Catholic, work for low wage jobs in cities • Germans • Chinese immigrants begin arriving to West Coast (CA gold rush, transcontinental railroad) • American Reaction: nativism (ex Know-Nothing Party), protest • American heritage/national identity

  5. 1880s Immigration Flood • “New Immigrants”: South/Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy, Hungary, Poland, Russia) • Less skilled/intelligent…more of a social problem • More xenophobia…Immigration Restriction League • 1907 alone: 1 million immigrants, 50% S/E Europe

  6. Immigration Laws • 1875: exclude criminals • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: 10 year ban on Chinese immigrants • 1907: exclude feeble minded, tuberculosis patients, immoral women • Dillingham Commision: learn English, acquire citizenship, abandon native customs • 1917 literacy test

  7. Immigration Laws • 1921 Immigration Act (Emergency Quota Act): 3% of 1910 census • 1924 Immigration Act: 2% from 1890 census • Discriminates against S/E Europeans • 1945 War Brides Act

  8. Immigration Laws • 1952 McCarran Walter Immigration Act: confirms quotas, limits total immigration • 1954 Operation Wetback: return of 1000s of illegal Mexican immigrants (over 1 mil) • Increased US border forces

  9. Immigration Laws • 1965 Immigration & Nationality Act (Hart-Celler Act): ends national origins quotas, preferences to families/skilled workers • LBJ, civil rights legislation • Opens up more immigration from Asia • 1971 72% Asian/Latin American, 1928 86%

  10. Immigration Laws • 1980 Immigration Reform & Control Act (IRCA): penalties for employers hiring illegal immigrants, amnesty for illegal immigrants • 1980 4,289,000 Mexican • 1990 7,841,000 Mexican • 2000 12,000,000 Mexican • 2001 Patriot Act:

  11. Court Cases • 1875 Chy Lung v Freemon: immigration control is an implicit federal power • 1982 Plyler v Doe: TX tries to deny free public education to kids of undocumented alien • Violated Equal Protection Clause of 14th amendment

  12. More Recently… • 1994 California Prop 187: illiegal aliens ineligible for social services except in emergency situations, more documentation control • Preempted by federal law…dropped

  13. Illegal Immigration: Cons • 1961-70: 1.6 million • 1970s: 8.3 million • 2005: around 12 million • 50% in CA/TX/FL/NY • economic/social stress • Use citizen tax dollars as they benefit from social services • Take American jobs • Dilute America

  14. Illegal Immigration: Pros • Economic benefit: cheap labor, without which goods (especially food) in America would be much more expensive • Ex 30-50% farm workers in CA= illegal immigrants (cheaper…less labor standards, lower wages) • Add diversity of cultures, languages, religions… • America was founded by immigrants

  15. Sources • http://www.america.gov/st/peopleplace-english/2008/February/20080307112004ebyessedo0.1716272.html • "immigration." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. • Kauffman, Jill. "Immigration Act of 1921." Issues & Controversies in American History. Facts On File News Services, 30 July 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.2facts.com/article/haa00002580>. • Kauffman, Jill. "Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965." Issues & Controversies in American History. Facts On File News Services, 15 Sept. 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. <http://www.2facts.com/article/haa00002610>. • Rymer, Justin . "Arizona's Tough New Immigration Law: Background." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. • "Highway sign cautions motorists." Image. Shutterstock. American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010. • "Dillingham Commission." American History. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 2 Dec. 2010.

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