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Recognizing Text Structures

Social Studies Core-9 2013-14. Recognizing Text Structures. Generalization. General a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases Examples? A general statement is made to support the main idea. ization. General George A. Custer. Generalization Signal Words.

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Recognizing Text Structures

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  1. Social Studies Core-9 2013-14 Recognizing Text Structures

  2. Generalization • General • a general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases • Examples? • A general statement is made to support the main idea ization General George A. Custer

  3. Generalization Signal Words • for example • to illustrate • for instance • to begin with • Others???

  4. Vocabulary Words • Continent • Advancements • Columns • Concrete • Inherited • Transportation • Export / Import

  5. Generalization Practice Paragraph As Rome spread across Europe, so did its culture, ultimately changing the face of the continent. Centuries earlier, the Greeks had made important advancements in science and architecture, advancements that the Romans applied to help their empire flourish. For example, Roman buildings used columns and other features developed in Greece, but the Romans added their own touches.

  6. Practice Paragraph, cont. Those included the use of concrete, which made it possible for the construction of large structures such as the Coliseum. Their understanding of engineering, along with scientific advancements they had inherited from the Greeks, enabled the Romans to build sewer systems and waterways in cities, and to construct roads and bridges throughout the empire. These roads and bridges made transportation easier. They also enabled the export of grains, meat, and wool, and the import of silks and spices from Asia.

  7. Sequence • the following of one thing after another; succession. 1, 2, 3, 4… A, B, C, D… I, II, III, IV…

  8. Sequence Signal Words • first • then • next • after • Others???

  9. Vocabulary Words • re-divided • capital • founded • throughout • shifted

  10. Sequence Practice Paragraph In 330 BCE, Constantine re-divided the two empires. He first centered the western part around the capital city of Rome. He then centered the eastern part around the newly founded city of Constantinople. The east remained strong throughout Constantine’s rule. But, after the split, the west shifted between periods of relative peace and wealth and invasion by outside forces.

  11. Compare & Contrast • Identification of similarities and differences between ideas • How is one thing like or unlike the other(s)

  12. Compare & Contrast Signal Words • like • similarly • on the other hand • however • Others???

  13. Vocabulary Words • agriculture • self-sufficient • estates • annexed • degrading • manufacturing • dependent • coinage

  14. Compare & Contrast Practice Paragraph The economy of both Greece and Rome was based on agriculture. Greeks ideally lived on small self-sufficient wheat-producing farms, but bad agricultural practices made many households incapable of feeding themselves. Big estates took over, producing wine and olive oil, which were also the chief exports of the Romans. The Romans farmed, but also imported their wheat and annexed provinces that could provide them with wheat, and traded. It is thought that the Greeks considered such occupations degrading. In the cities, manufacturing went on. While Greece also had slaves, the economy of Rome was dependent on slave labor. Both cultures had coinage. 

  15. Cause & Effect • A clear connection between actions or events • One thing directly caused another • Examples? • Not Examples?

  16. Cause & Effect Signal Words • because • since • consequently • thus • Others???

  17. Vocabulary Words • weaken • opportunity • invasions • fatal • Tribes • overthrown • hastened

  18. Cause & Effect Practice Paragraph As Rome continued to weaken, outside groups watched closely. They waited for their opportunity to attack. These groups then launched a series of invasions. These would eventually prove too fatal for the already weakened empire. In the late fourth century, Germanic tribes moved into the Western Roman Empire. In the year 476 CE, the emperor Romulus Augustulus was finally overthrown. While this alone did not cause the death of the Western Roman Empire, it likely hastened it.

  19. Problem & Solution • An issue to be considered is presented and solved • Example?

  20. Problem & Solution Signal Words • problem • answer • solution • trouble • Others???

  21. Vocabulary Words • emperors • empire • split • leader • western • changes • rule

  22. Problem & Solution Practice Paragraph Different emperors tried to save the empire. In 284 CE, the emperor Diocletian thought that the empire had become too big for one ruler. So he decided to split the empire in two. Diocletian remained the leader in the east. He gave the western part to another emperor, Maximilian. However, Diocletian’s changes were not enough. As his rule came to a close around 300 CE, the empire remained unsafe.

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