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Reproductive Systems

Reproductive Systems. Chapter 16. Male Reproductive System. bladder. seminal vesicle. vas deferens. prostate gland. bulbourethral gland. urethra. epididymis. scrotum. testis. penis. Semen = Sperm + Secretions. Secretions from epididymis aid sperm maturation

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Reproductive Systems

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  1. Reproductive Systems Chapter 16

  2. Male ReproductiveSystem bladder seminal vesicle vas deferens prostate gland bulbourethral gland urethra epididymis scrotum testis penis

  3. Semen = Sperm + Secretions • Secretions from epididymis aid sperm maturation • Seminal vesicle secretes fructose and prostaglandins • Prostate-gland secretions buffer pH in the acidic vagina • Bulbourethral gland secretes mucus

  4. Prostate Cancer • Second leading cause of death in American men • Detection • Digital rectal exam by physician • Blood tests for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a tumor marker

  5. Testicular Cancer • About 5,000 U.S. cases per year • Can be detected by self exam • Men should check testes monthly • Check for hardening, lumps • Changes should be reported to physician

  6. Spermatogenesis • Spermatogonium (2n) divides by mitosis to form primary spermatocyte (2n) • Meiosis produces haploid spermatids • Spermatids mature to become sperm

  7. Other Testicular Cells • Sertoli cells • Line the seminiferous tubules • Nourish the developing sperm • Leydig cells • Lie between the seminiferous tubules • Secrete testosterone

  8. Male Hormonal Control Hypothalamus GnRH Inhibin Anterior Pituitary FSH LH Leydig cells Sertoli cells Testes Testosterone Formation and Development of Sperm

  9. Female Reproductive Organs ovary ovary oviduct uterus uterus oviduct vagina clitoris vagina

  10. Menstrual Cycle • The fertile period for a human female occurs on a cyclic basis • Menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days • Follicular phase and luteal phase

  11. Oocytes Arrested in Meiosis I • Girl is born with primary oocytes already in ovaries • Each oocyte has entered meiosis I and stopped • Meiosis resumes, one oocyte at a time, with the first menstrual cycle

  12. Menarche to Menopause • First menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between ages 10-16 • Menstrual cycles continue until menopause, in a woman’s late 40s or early 50s

  13. secondary oocyte Ovarian Cycle first polar body • Follicle grows and matures • Ovulation occurs • Corpus luteum forms antrum corpus luteum primordial follicle

  14. Female Hormonal Control Hypothalamus GnRH Rising estrogen stimulates surge in LH Anterior Pituitary Progesterone, estrogens LH FSH Ovary Follicle growth, oocyte maturation Estrogen Corpus luteum forms

  15. hypothalamus GnRH Cycle Overview anterior pituitary FSH LH FSH LH • GnRH secretion affects LH and FSH secretion by pituitary • LH and FSH affect follicle maturation • Estrogen and progesterone from ovary affect uterus FSH LH LH ovulation estrogens estrogens progesterone estrogens menstruation FOLLICULAR PHASE LUTEAL PHASE

  16. Ejaculation • Involuntary contractions in smooth muscle of male reproductive tract force sperm from epididymides and contents of seminal vesicles and prostate gland out through urethra • Sphincter closes off the neck of the bladder to prevent escape of urine

  17. Birth Control Options Prevent fertilization Prevent ovulation Block implantation

  18. Reproductive Options • Artificial insemination • In vitro fertilization (IVF) • Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection • GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer) • ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer)

  19. Abortion • Removal of blastocyst, embryo, or fetus • First trimester abortions are painless, and relatively complication free • Later abortions are more difficult and more controversial

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