The Politics of Reconstruction Reconstructing Society The Collapse of Reconstruction

1. Chapter 12 The Politics of Reconstruction Reconstructing SocietyThe Collapse of Reconstruction

2. The Defeated South Q: Based upon your observations of the map below, how were the North and the South effected differently as a result of the Civil War? A: Because the majority of battles took place in the South, many Southern houses, farms, bridges, and railroads were destroyed.

3. Main Idea Northern leaders had different ideas for dealing with the many issues and challenges of restoring the southern states to the Union

4. After the Civil War The Civil War was the most costly war in American History in terms of total devastation. At least 618,000 Americans died in the Civil War, and some experts say the toll reached 700,000. These casualties exceed the nation's loss in all its other wars, from the Revolution through Vietnam.

5. Amazing War Losses

6. Ruins in Front of the Capitol – Richmond, VA, 1865

7. Grounds of the Ruined Arsenal with Scattered Shot and Shell - Richmond, VA, April 1865

8. Guns and Ruined Buildings Near the Tredegar Iron Works - Richmond, VA, April 1865

9. Above: Charleston, South Carolina Right: Atlanta, Georgia

10. Crippled Locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad Depot - Richmond, VA, 1865

11. This famous photo was taken looking across the ruins of the railroad bridge in Fredericksburg, Virginia A Southern armored railroad gun has gone as far as it can on these rails, typifying Civil War destruction of Southern railroad tracks. (Virginia)

12. · Newly freed slaves, freedmen, had no land, jobs, or education. Left and right: post-Civil WarOhio Atlanta, GA

13. Reconstruction • Main Idea – Radical Republicans in Congress opposed Abraham Lincoln’s and Andrew Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War.

14. Reconstruction • Reconstruction (1865-1877)– def. – period during which the United States began to rebuild after the Civil War and included the process by which the federal government readmitted former Confederate states

15. Plans for Reconstruction • Lincoln and Johnson • Radical Republicans

16. Lincoln and Johnson • Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan – • argued that the southern states had never left the Union because secession was illegal– one nation indivisible • when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to the U.S. – state could be readmitted to U.S. • very lenient – goal was to readmit southern states as quick as possible, not to punish the South • “with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nation’s wounds” • Nothing included about African-Americans • Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction – also very lenient toward the South

17. Radical Republicans • Radical Republicans – northern members of Congress, led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, who opposed Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan and Johnson’s plan • Wanted to punish the southern slave owners • Wanted to give African-Americans the right to vote

18. Congressional Reconstruction • Radical Republicans took control of Reconstruction policy in 1866 • 14th Amendment – states were prohibited from denying equal rights under the law to any American • SIG - granted citizenship rights to African-Americans • Reconstruction Act of 1867 – divided former Confederacy into 5 military districts (military occupation), set up new requirements to gain readmission to the Union

19. Congressional Reconstruction • Johnson’s impeachment – Radical Republicans impeached Johnson, but he was not removed from office • Impeach – def. formal charge of misconduct in office • 15th Amendment – voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” • SIG - gave African American men the right to vote

20. Politics in Post War South • Republican Party in the South relied on 3 groups • African Americans – right to vote guaranteed by 15th Amendment • Sharecropping – many African-Americans rented land from plantation owners in return for a share or percentage of the total crop produced • Scalawags – Southerners who became Republicans • Carpetbaggers – Northerner Republicans who moved to the South

21. The Collapse of Reconstruction • Anti-Black Violence • Election of 1876 • Compromise of 1877

22. The Collapse of Reconstruction • Anti-Black violence – goal was to prevent African Americans from voting • Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – violent terrorist organization devoted to white supremacy

23. The Collapse of Reconstruction • Election of 1876 – Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat) • Tilden won the popular vote, Hayes won the electoral college • South upset and disputed the election

24. The Collapse of Reconstruction • Compromise of 1877 – agreement to settle the disputed election • Hayes (Republican) = president • Republicans would end military occupation of the South ended • White Democrats took control of southern state governments = “Redemption” • SIG – Reconstruction is ended • white southern Democrats passed “Jim Crow Laws” – called for segregation of the races throughout the South • African Americans denied their constitutional rights

25. Cultures Clash on the Prairie & Settling on the Great Plains Chapter 13

26. Cultures Clash • Main Idea – The cattle industry boomed in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declined. Settlers on the Great Plains transformed the land despite great hardships.

27. Settlers Push Westward • Background: Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers increased in the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. • Great Plains – def. – the grassy lands that extend through the western-central portion of the United States • Settlers focused on settling and farming the Great Plains • SIG – multiple conflicts with Native Americans resulted • Native American groups were placed on reservations throughout the Great Plains

28. Cattle Become Big Business • Background: Following the Civil War, railroads reached the Great Plains at the same time that the demand for beef increased in eastern cities. • Cowboy – def. - herder of cattle on the Great Plains who could round up, rope, brand, and care for cattle during long cattle drives in the American West • Long cattle drive – transporting of cattle over unfenced grazing lands between Texas and railroad centers on the Great Plains

29. Settlers Move Westward to Farm • Transcontinental Railroad • Homestead Act • Oklahoma Land Rush

30. Transcontinental Railroad • Background: Following the Civil War, railroads became very important in opening western lands to settlers and transporting crops to eastern markets • Transcontinental Railroad (est. 1869)– linked eastern and western markets and led to increased settlement of western lands from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean

31. Homestead Act • Homestead Act (1862) – offered 160 acres of land in the West (for free) to any citizen who would settle and farm the land for 5 years • 600,000 families took advantage of this government offer • Many homesteaders were southerners – both White and African-American

32. Oklahoma Land Rush • Oklahoma Land Rush (1889) – land-hungry settlers raced to claim lands in a massive land rush, people who left too early = Sooners

33. Support for Farmers • New Technology • Agricultural Education

34. New Technology • steel-tipped plow – invented by John Deere, helped farmers slice through heavy soil • mechanical reaper – invented by Cyrus McCormick, increased speed of harvesting wheat • barbed wire – prevented animals from trampling crops or wandering off from farms • SIG – made farming more efficient and prosperous

35. Agricultural Education • Morrill Act (1862) – federal government gave land to states to build agricultural schools (ex: Virginia Tech) • SIG – innovations and education led to more productive harvests

36. Results • Overall – By 1900, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region of the American West was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but instead it became a region of farms, ranches and towns

37. The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and Labor Chapter 14 - Sections 1+3

38. The Expansion of Industry & Big Business and Labor • Main Idea – At the end of the 19th century, natural resources, creative ideas, and growing markets fueled an industrial revolution. The expansion of industry resulted in the growth of big business and prompted laborers to form labor unions to better their lives.

39. Inventions Promote Change • Bessemer Steel Process • Light Bulb • Electricity • Telephone • Airplane • Assembly-Line Manufacturing

40. Bessemer Steel Process • (Henry Bessemer) – def. - new manufacturing process to make steel • SIG - new steel products used for building railroads and skyscrapers

41. Light Bulb • (Thomas Edison) – new development to serve as a source for light • SIG – made work less dependent on natural sunlight

42. Electricity • (Thomas Edison) - new power source for businesses and homes • SIG – electric power ran industrial machines that could be located anywhere

43. Telephone • (Alexander Graham Bell) – revolutionized communications in business • SIG – saved time andcreated new clerical jobs for women in business

44. Airplane • (Wright Brothers) – allowed for movement of goods and eventually people by air travel • First flight = Kitty Hawk, NC in 1903 • SIG – led to the creation of a U.S. airmail system by 1920

45. Assembly-Line Manufacturing • (Henry Ford) – broke industrial tasks down into simpler parts and improved efficiency in production of cars • SIG – allowed for increased efficiency in production for many industrial products

46. Leaders of Industry (aka “Robber Barons”) • Andrew Carnegie • J.P. Morgan • John D. Rockefeller • Cornelius Vanderbilt

47. Andrew Carnegie • Steel Industry • Scottish immigrant who rose from “rags to riches” • Carnegie Steel Company – made more steel than any other company in US • Developed a monopoly – def. – complete control over an industry’s production, wages, and prices when all competitors are bought out

48. J.P. Morgan • Banking and Finance • Formed a holding company – def. – corporation that did nothing but buy out stock of other companies • Bought out Carnegie Steel in 1903 to create U.S. Steel = world’s largest business

49. John D. Rockefeller • Oil Industry • Standard Oil Company – controlled 90% of all U.S. oil production • Controlled other companies by forming a trust – def. – several corporations made an agreement to be run by one executive board that ran the trust like one big company • Standard Oil

50. Cornelius Vanderbilt • Railroads • Dominated control of much of the nation’s railroad lines in the Northeast and Midwest