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Other Aspects of Musical Sound

Other Aspects of Musical Sound. pp. 30-36. Texture. Texture describes the number of things that are going on at once in a piece of music. Monophony- a single unaccompanied line; unison Bassoon opening in The Rite of Spring

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Other Aspects of Musical Sound

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  1. Other Aspects of Musical Sound pp. 30-36

  2. Texture • Texture describes the number of things that are going on at once in a piece of music. • Monophony- a single unaccompanied line; unison • Bassoon opening in The Rite of Spring • Homophony- melody and harmonic accompaniment; the melody is dominant, harmony in background • Listening examples 10-14 • Polyphony- two or more melodic lines; note by note. • Heterophony- same melody but not in precise unison • Dippermouth Blues

  3. Counterpoint • Creates polyphony • Set of strict rules for composition • Pitches fit the same harmonic progression • Everything fits together • Imitative polyphony- one melody played at staggered intervals • Bagatelle No. 5

  4. Instrumentation • Instrument or combination of instruments used • Arranging- taking an existing piece of music and writing individual performer parts • Timbre- pitch affected by the thickness and density of the instrument’s material and the amount of resonance • Bagatelle No. 5

  5. Dynamics • Loudness and softness of a sound • ppp, pp, p, mp, mf, f, ff, fff • Crescendo- gradual increase in dynamics • < • Decrescendo/ Diminuendo- gradual decrease • >

  6. Articulation • Staccato- notes are played short and separated • Legato- notes are smooth and connected • Pizzicato- method of producing staccato for strings • Accent- strong emphasis on one pitch • Ornamentation- localized embellishments

  7. Form in music • Form- how music is organized on a larger scale • Scores- musical notation • Dissonance- way to create tension in music

  8. Motive • Motive- smallest identifiable recurring musical idea • Happy Birthday • Melodic contour- rise and fall • Ostinato- melodic or rhythmic motive that is repeated many times in immediate succession

  9. Phrase • Phrase- cohesive musical thought • Antecedent- first member of a pair of phrases • Consequent- second member of a pair of phrases

  10. Cadence • Cadence- resting point in music • Half cadence- rests on dominant harmony • Full cadence/ authentic cadence- uses progression V-I • Occur at the end of phrases; similar to comma, semicolon, period

  11. Theme/ Introduction and Coda • Theme- Set of phrases that make a complete melody • Introduction- How pieces begin • Coda- how many pieces end

  12. Common Forms • Repetition- repeating musical material • Sequence- musical idea repeated at a different pitch level • Variation- repetition with enough alterations

  13. Theme and Variations • Theme and variations- starts with a straightforward theme and then repeats the theme with changes • Theme- A • Variations- A’ • Twelve Bar Blues- twelve measure progression is repeated with variations in melody • Three lines of four measures • Lays out tonic harmony • Attempt to escape tonic, but pulled back • Stronger effort to rise above tonic, but sinks too quickly

  14. Improvisation • Improvisation- performers create spontaneous variations of a familiar melody • Help create continuity in music

  15. Contrast • Ternary and Rondo Forms • Ternary- ABA • Rondo- ABACABA or ABACA • 32- Bar Form • Two 4bar phrases • AABA • Verse- Chorus Form • aBaB

  16. Development- Fugue • Fugue subject- single theme in fugue • Imitative counterpoint used to develop • Countersubject- companion theme • Imitation- approximate repetition of a melodic line at a different pitch level. • First line- subject heard alone • Second line- another line imitates the subject • Thick polyphonic texture created

  17. Development- Sonata Form • Sonata Form- standard form used in first movements of many compositions. • Exposition- presents first idea in tonic key, modulates to different key, presents second idea in new key • Transition- key change signals Idea #2 • Idea #2 contrasts Idea #1 and is most often in the dominant. • Ends in cadence • Development- section harmonically unstable and exploratory • Fragmented and varying phrases

  18. Development- Sonata Form (cont) • Recapitulation- order restored • Idea #1 returns, Idea #2 follows in same key as Idea #1 • Movements- smaller portions of larger works of music • Sonata cycle- fast-slow-fast • 1st movement- sonata form • 2nd movement- slower, more lyrical, ABA form • Last movement- lively sonata form, rondo form, or hybrid • Alternate 3rd movement- dance-like movement before final 4th movement

  19. What is real music? • No way of knowing how something in the 1800s sounded • Recording music preserves more than just how the music was written • Performance practice- sub-field that finds how the music really sounded • “Musicking”

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