Presentation Transcript

1. Today in History

2. October 4 1957 - Sputnik becomes the first human-made object to orbit the earth 1965 – Pope Paul VI becomes the first pope to visit the United States
3. October 5 1762 – The British fleet bombards and captures Spanish-held Manila in the Philippines 1813 – Nez Perce Chief Joseph surrenders to Colonel Nelson Miles in Montana Territory, after a 1,700-mile trek to reach Canada falls 40 miles short 1947 – First presidential speech on TV
4. October 6 1927 - The first "talkie," The Jazz Singer, opens with popular entertainer Al Jolson singing and dancing in black-face. By 1930, silent movies were a thing of the past 1973 - Israel is taken by surprise when Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Jordan attack on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, beginning the Yom Kippur War.
5. October 7 1976 - HuaGuofeng, premier of the People's Republic of China, succeeds the late Mao Zedong as chairman of the Communist Party of China. 1993 -   The Great Flood of 1993 on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers ends, the worst US flood since 1927. 2001 - US invasion of Afghanistan in reaction to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 begins; it will become the longest war in US history.
6. October 8 1871 – The Great Chicago Fire begins in southwest Chicago killing 250 people, leaving 98,500 homeless and destroying 17,540 buildings 1912 – First Balkan War as Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire 1921 – First live broadcast of a football game. University of Pittsburg beat West Virginia 21-13
7. World Unit 1 Test Period 1 Avg. 66 High 100 Low 0 Period 2 Avg. 77 High 100 Low 25 Period 3 Avg. 61 High 95 Low 15 Period 5 Avg. 67 High 95 Low 25
8. October 9 28 BCE - The Temple of Apollo is dedicated on the Palatine Hill in Rome 1470 - Henry VI of England restored to the throne 1949- Harvard Law School begins admitting women
9. October 10 19 CE - Germanicus, the best loved of Roman princes, dies of poisoning. On his deathbed he accuses Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him 732 - At Tours, France, Charles Martel kills Abd el-Rahman and halts the Muslim invasion of Europe
10. October 11 1795 - In gratitude for putting down a rebellion in the streets of Paris, France's National Convention appoints Napoleon Bonaparte second in command of the Army of the Interior 1906 - San Francisco school board orders the segregation of Oriental schoolchildren, inciting Japanese outrage 1950 - The Federal Communications Commission authorizes the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) to begin commercial color TV broadcasts
11. October 12 1492 - Christopher Columbus and his crew land in the Bahamas 1722- Shah Sultan Husayn surrenders the Persian capital of Isfahan to Afghan rebels after a seven month siege 2000 - Suicide bombers at Aden, Yemen, damage USS Cole; 17 crew members killed and over 35 wounded
12. October 13 54 - Nero succeeds his great uncle Claudius, who was murdered by his wife, as the new emperor of Rome 1307 - Members of the Knights of Templar are arrested throughout France, imprisoned and tortured by the order of King Philip the Fair of France 1946 - The Fourth Republic begins in France; will continue to 1958
13. October 14 1066 - William of Normandy defeats King Harold in the Battle of Hastings 1917 - Mata Hari, a Paris dancer, is executed by the French after being convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans 1944- German Field Marshal Rommel chooses suicide rather than a public trial for his role in attempting to assassinate Hitler 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis begins; USAF U-2 reconnaissance pilot photographs Cubans installing Soviet-made missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads
14. October 15 1529 – Ottoman army ends siege of Vienna and head back to Belgrade 1813 – During the land defeat of the British on the Thames River in Canada, the Indian chief Tecumseh, now a brigadier general with the British Army (War of 1812), is killed
15. October 16 1793 – Queen Marie Antoinette is beheaded by guillotine during the French Revolution 1859 – Abolitionist John Brown, with 21 men, seizes the U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry, Va. U.S. Marines capture the raiders, killing several. John Brown is later hanged in Virginia for treason
16. October 17 1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte arrives at the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he has been banished by the Allies 1863 – General Ulysses S. Grant is named overall Union Commander of the West
17. October 18 1813 – The Allies defeat Napoleon Bonaparte at Leipzig 1867 – The rules for American football are formulated at meeting in New York among delegates from Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton and Yale universities
18. October 19 1812 – Napoleon Bonaparte begins his retreat from Moscow 1949 – The People’s Republic of China is formally proclaimed
19. October 20 480 BCE – Greeks defeat the Persians in a naval battle at Salamis 1924 – Baseball's first 'colored World Series' is held in Kansas City, Mo. 1945 – Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Lebanon form the Arab League to present a unified front against the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine
20. October 21 1879 – After 14 months of testing, Thomas Edison first demonstrates his electric lamp, hoping to one day compete with gaslight 1939 – As war heats up with Germany, the British war cabinet holds its first meeting in the underground war room in London
21. US Unit 1 Test 4th period Avg. 79 High 100 Low 45 6th period Avg. 72 High 90 Low 45 7th period Avg. 72 High 100 Low 0
22. October 22 741 – Charles Martel of Gaul dies. His mayoral power is divided between his two sons, Pepin III and Carloman 1962 – U.S. reveals Soviet missile sites in Cuba. President Kennedy orders a naval and air blockade on further shipment of military equipment to Cuba.
23. October 23 4004 BCE – According to 17th century divine James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh, and Dr. John Lightfoot of Cambridge, the world was created on this day, a Sunday, at 9 a.m. 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D.C. for all military-related cases
24. October 24 439 – Carthage, the leading Roman city in North Africa, falls to Genseric and the Vandals 1901 - Anna Edson Taylor, 43, is the first woman to go safely over Niagara Falls in a barrel. 1929 - Black Thursday–the first day of the stock market crash which began the Great Depression 1931 - Al (Alphonse) Capone, the prohibition-era Chicago gangster, is sent to prison for tax evasion
25. October 25 1923 - The Teapot Dome scandal comes to public attention. The scandal, named for the Teapot Dome oil reserves in Wyoming, involved Albert B. Fall, the Secretary of the Interior, secretly leasing naval oil reserve lands to private companies. 1960 –  Martin Luther King, Jr., is sentenced to four months in jail for a sit-in
26. October 26 1918 – Germany's supreme commander, General Erich Ludendorff, resigns, protesting the terms to which the German Government has agreed in negotiating the armistice. This sets the stage for his later support for Hitler and the Nazis, who claim that Germany did not lose the war on the battlefield but were "stabbed in the back" by politicians. 2001 - The USA PATRIOT Act signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush, greatly expanding intelligence and legal agencies' ability to utilize wiretaps, records searches and surveillance.
27. October 27 1806 – Emperor Napoleon enters Berlin 1917 – 20,000 women march in a suffrage parade in New York. As the largest state and the first on the East Coast to do so, New York has an important effect on the movement to grant all women the vote in all elections. 1927 – Fox Movie-tone news, the first sound news film, is released. 1962 – American U-2 reconnaissance plane shot down by a surface-to-air missile over Cuba, killing the pilot, Maj. Rudolf Anderson, the only direct human casualty of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
28. October 28 1636 – Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, is founded in Cambridge, Mass. 1919 – Over President Wilson's veto, Congress passes the National Prohibition Act, or Volstead Act, named after its promoter, Congressman Andrew J. Volstead. It provides enforcement guidelines for the Prohibition Amendment. 1962 – Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev orders Soviet missiles removed from Cuba, ending the Cuban Missile Crisis.
29. October 29 1929 – Black Tuesday–the most catastrophic day in stock market history, the herald of the Great Depression. 16 million shares were sold at declining prices. By mid-November $30 billion of the $80 billion worth of stocks listed in September will have been wiped out. 1969 – The U.S. Supreme Court orders immediate desegregation, superseding the previous "with all deliberate speed" ruling
30. October 30 1838 – Oberlin Collegiate Institute in Lorian County, Ohio becomes the first college in the U.S. to admit female students. 1922 – Mussolini sends his black shirts into Rome. The Fascist takeover is almost without bloodshed. The next day, Mussolini is made prime minister. Mussolini centralized all power in himself as leader of the Fascist party and attempted to create an Italian empire, ultimately in alliance with Hitler's Germany. 1961 – The USSR detonates "Tsar Bomba," a 50-megaton hydrogen bomb; it is still (2013) the largest explosive device of any kind over detonated.
31. October 31 1517 – Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the church at Wittenberg in Germany. Luther’s writing give rise to the Protestant Reformation. 1952 – The United States explodes the first hydrogen bomb at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific.
32. November 1 79 CE – The city of Pompeii is buried by eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. 1512 – Michelangelo's painting on the Sistine Chapel ceiling is exhibited for the first time.
33. November 2 1914 – Russia declares war with Turkey. 1920 – The first radio broadcast in the United States is made from Pittsburgh.
34. November 3 1507 – Leonardo da Vinci is commissioned to paint Lisa Gherardini ("Mona Lisa") 1957 – The Soviet Union launches Sputnik II with the dog Laika, the first animal in space, aboard 1964 – Robert Kennedy, brother of the slain president, is elected as a senator from New York
35. November 4 1922 – The entrance to King Tut's tomb is discovered 1979 – At the American Embassy in Teheran, Iran, 90 people, including 63 Americans, are taken hostage by militant student followers of Ayatollah Khomeini. The students demand the return of Shah Mohammad Reza Pablavi, who is undergoing medical treatment in New York City.
36. November 5 1605 – Guy Fawkes is betrayed and arrested in an attempt to blow up the British Parliament in the "Gunpowder Plot." Ever since, England has celebrated Guy Fawkes Day. 1872 – Susan B. Anthony is arrested for trying to vote. 1935 – Parker Brothers company launches "Monopoly," a game of real estate and capitalism.
37. November 6 1812 – The first winter snow falls on the French Army as Napoleon Bonaparte retreats form Moscow. 1860 – Abraham Lincoln is elected 16th president of the United States. 1861 – Jefferson Davis is elected to a six-year term as president of the Confederacy. 1917 – The Bolshevik "October Revolution" (October 25 on the old Russian calendar), led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, seizes power in Petrograd.
38. November 7 1665 – The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published 1917 – The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, take power in Russia. 2000 – Dispute begins over US presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore; Supreme Court ruling on Dec. 12 results in a 271-270 electoral victory for Bush.
39. November 8 392 – Theodosius of Rome passes legislation prohibiting all pagan worship in the empire. 1923 – Adolf Hitler attempts a coup in Munich, the "Beer Hall Putsch," and proclaims himself chancellor and Ludendorff dictator. 1960 – John F. Kennedy is elected 35th president, defeating Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the closest election, by popular vote, since 1880.
40. November 9 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte participates in a coup and declares himself dictator of France. 1938 – Nazis kill 35 Jews, arrest thousands and destroy Jewish synagogues, homes and stores throughout Germany. The event becomes known as Kristallnacht, the night of the shattered glass. 1989 – The Berlin Wall is opened after dividing the city for 28 years.
41. November 10 1775 – U.S. Marine Corps founded. 1969 – The PBS children's program Sesame Street debuts.
42. November 11 1831 – Nat Turner, a slave who led a revolt against slave owners, is hanged in Jerusalem, Virginia. 1918 – The German leaders sign the armistice ending World War I 1933 – The first of the great dust storms of the 1930s hits North Dakota
43. November 12 1859 – The first flying-trapeze circus act is performed by Jules Leotard at the Circus Napoleon 1923 – Adolf Hitler is arrested for his attempted German coup
44. November 13 1835 – Texans officially proclaim independence from Mexico, and calls itself the Lone Star Republic, after its flag, until its admission to the Union in 1845 1940 – U.S. Supreme Court rules in Hansberry v. Lee that African Americans cannot be barred from white neighborhoods.
45. November 14 1812 – As Napoleon Bonaparte's army retreats form Moscow, temperatures drop to 20 degrees below zero. 1908 – Albert Einstein presents his quantum theory of light.
46. November 15 1533 – The explorer Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco, Peru. 1805 – Meriwether Lewis, William Clark and their party reach the mouth of the Columbia River, completing their trek to the Pacific.
47. November 16 1798 – British seamen board the U.S. frigate Baltimore and impress a number of crewmen as alleged deserters, a practice that contributed to the War of 1812. 1907 – The Indian and Oklahoma territories are unified to make Oklahoma, which becomes the 46th state.
48. November 17 1558 – Queen Elizabeth ascends to the throne of England. The Church of England re-established. 1869 – The Suez Canal is formally opened. 1903 – Vladimir Lenin's efforts to impose his own radical views on the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits the party into two factions, the Bolsheviks, who support Lenin, and the Mensheviks.
49. November 18 1626 – St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome is officially dedicated. 1928 – Mickey mouse makes his film debut in Steamboat Willie, the first animated talking picture.
50. November 19 1620 – The Pilgrims sight Cape Cod. 1863 – Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. 1915 – The Allies ask China to join the entente against the Central Powers.
51. November 20 1945 – The Nazi war crime trials begin at Nuremberg. 1978 – In Jonestown, Guyana, American Rev. Jim Jones leads his followers in a mass suicide.
52. November 21 1620 – Leaders of the Mayflower expedition frame the "Mayflower Compact," designed to bolster unity among the settlers. 1927 – Police turn machine guns on striking Colorado mine workers, killing five and wounding 20.
53. November 22 1919 – A Labor conference committee in the United States urges an eight-hour workday and a 48-hour week. 1948 – Ho Chi Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam requests admittance to the UN. 1963 – Lee Harvey Oswald assassinates President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.
54. Unit 2 Test Period 1 Avg. 73 High 100 Low 0 Median 80 Period 2 Avg. 78 High 100 Low 25 Median 85 Period 3 Avg. 74 High 100 Low 0 Median 80 Period 5 Avg. 70 High 100 Low 0 Median 75
55. November 23 1909 – The Wright brothers form a million-dollar corporation for the commercial manufacture of their airplanes
56. November 24 1859 – Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. 1963 – Jack Ruby fatally shoots the accused assassin of President Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald, in the garage of the Dallas Police Department.
57. November 25 2348 BCE – Biblical scholars have long asserted this to be the day of the Great Deluge, or Flood 1923 – Transatlantic broadcasting from England to America commences for the first time.
58. November 26 1774 – A congress of colonial leaders criticizes British influence in the colonies and affirms their right to "Life, liberty and property.“ 1863 – The first National Thanksgiving is celebrated. 1917 – The Bolsheviks offer an armistice between Russian and the Central Powers.
59. November 27 43 BCE – Octavian, Antony and Lepidus form the triumvirate of Rome. 511 CE – Clovis, king of the Franks, dies and his kingdom is divided between his four sons. 1868 – Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer's 7th Cavalry kills Chief Black Kettle and about 100 Cheyenne (mostly women and children) on the Washita River.
60. November 28 1520 – Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan, having discovered a strait at the tip of South America, enters the Pacific. 1943 – Sir Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin and Franklin D. Roosevelt meet at Tehran, Iran, to hammer out war aims.
61. November 29 1949 – The United States announces it will conduct atomic tests at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific. 1961 – NASA launches a chimpanzee named Enos into Earth orbit.
62. November 30 1782 – The British sign a preliminary agreement in Paris, recognizing American independence. 1935 – Non-belief in Nazism is proclaimed grounds for divorce in Germany.
63. December 1 1905 – Twenty officers and 230 guards are arrested in St. Petersburg, Russia, for the revolt at the Winter Palace. 1955 – Rosa Parks refuses to sit in the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, defying the South's segregationist laws.
64. December 2 1804 – Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of France in Notre Dame Cathedral. 1927 – The new Ford Model A is introduced to the American public.
65. December 3 1847 – Frederick Douglass and Martin R. Delaney establish the North Star, an anti-slavery paper. 1989 – Presidents George Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev announce the official end to the Cold War at a meeting in Malta.
66. December 4 771 – With the death of his brother Carloman, Charlemagne becomes sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. 1950 – The University of Tennessee defies court rulings by rejecting five Negro applicants.
67. December 5 1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues a bill deploring the spread of witchcraft and heresy in Germany. 1933 – The 21st Amendment ends Prohibition in the United States, which had begun 13 years earlier.
68. December 6 1877 – Thomas A. Edison makes the first sound recording when he recites "Mary had a Little Lamb" into his phonograph machine. 1948 – The "Pumpkin Spy Papers" are found on the Maryland farm of Whittaker Chambers. They become evidence that State Department employee Alger Hiss is spying for the Soviet Union
69. December 7 43 BCE – Cicero, considered one of the greatest sons of Rome, is assassinated on the orders of Marcus Antonius. 1941 – Japanese planes raid Pearl Harbor in a surprise attack.
70. December 8 1660 – The first Shakespearian actress to appear on an English stage makes her debut as Desdemona. 1980 – John Lennon is shot to death outside his Manhattan apartment building.
71. December 9 1872 – P.B.S. Pinchback becomes the first African-American governor of Louisiana. 1908 – A child labor bill passes in the German Reichstag, forbidding work for children under age 13. 1949 – The United Nations takes trusteeship over Jerusalem.
72. December 10 1869 – Governor John Campbell signs the bill that grants women in Wyoming Territory the right to vote as well as hold public office.
73. December 11 1688 – James II abdicates the throne because of William of Orange landing in England. 1978 – Massive demonstrations take place in Tehran against the shah.
74. December 12 1770 – The British soldiers responsible for the "Boston Massacre" are acquitted on murder charges. 1995 – Willie Brown beats incumbent mayor Frank Jordon to become the first African-American mayor of San Francisco
75. December 13 1812 – The last remnants of Napoleon Bonaparte's Grand Armeé reach the safety of Kovno, Poland, after the failed Russian campaign. Napoleon's costly retreat from Moscow 1951 – After meeting with FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, President Harry S Truman vows to purge all disloyal government workers.
76. December 14 1799 – George Washington dies on his Mount Vernon estate. 1909 – The Labor Conference in Pittsburgh ends with a "declaration of war" on U.S. Steel. 1946 – The United Nations adopt a disarmament resolution prohibiting the A-Bomb.
77. December 15 1946 – Vietnam leader Ho Chi Minh sends a note to the new French Premier, Leon Blum, asking for peace talks. 1967 – President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the meat bill in the presence of Upton Sinclair, the author of the controversial book The Jungle.
78. December 16 1653 – Oliver Cromwell takes on dictatorial powers with the title of "Lord Protector.“ 1939 – The National Women's Party urges immediate congressional action on equal rights. 1998 – The United States launches a missile attack on Iraq for failing to comply with United Nations weapons inspectors.
79. December 17 1903 – Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright make the first successful flight in history of a self-propelled, heavier-than-air aircraft. 1944 – The German Army renews the attack on the Belgian town of Losheimergraben against the defending Americans during the Battle of the Bulge.
80. December 18 1118 – Afonso the Battler, the Christian King of Aragon captures Saragossa, Spain, causing a major blow to Muslim Spain. 1865 – Slavery is abolished in the United States. The 13th Amendment is formally adopted into the U.S. Constitution. 1966 – “How the Grinch Stole Christmas” premiers in prime time.
81. December 19 1154 – Henry II is crowned king of England. 1959 – Reputed to be the last civil war veteran, Walter Williams, dies at 117 in Houston.
82. December 20 1802 – The United States buys the Louisiana territory from France. 1924 – Adolf Hitler is released from prison after serving less than one year of a five year sentence for treason.
83. December 21 68 – Vespian, a gruff-spoken general of humble origins, enters Rome and is named emperor by the Senate. 1620 – The Pilgrims land at or near Plymouth Rock.
84. December 22 1807 – Congress passes the Embargo Act, which halts all trading completely. It is hoped that the act will keep the United States out the European Wars. 1829 – The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad opens the first passenger railway line.
85. December 23 1923 – Pope Pius XI condemns the Nazi sterilization program.
86. December 24
87. December 25
88. December 26
89. December 27
90. December 28
91. December 29
92. December 30
93. December 31
94. January 1
95. January 2 1492 – Catholic forces under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella take the town of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom in Spain. 1936 – In Berlin, Nazi officials claim that their treatment of Jews is not the business of the League of Nations.
96. January 3 1521 – Martin Luther is excommunicated from the Catholic Church. 1959 – Fidel Castro takes command of the Cuban army. 1961 – The United States breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba.
97. January 4 1896 – Utah becomes the 45th state of the Union. 1902 – France offers to sell their Nicaraguan Canal rights to the United States. 2007– Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-California) became the first female speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
98. January 5 1914 – Henry Ford astounds the world as he announces that he will pay a minimum wage of $5 a day and will share with employees $10 million in the previous year's profits. 1925 – Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is sworn in as the first woman governor in the United States.
99. January 6 1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. The marriage will last six months. 2001 – In one of the closest Presidential elections in U.S. history, George W. Bush was finally declared the winner of the bitterly contested 2000 Presidential elections more then five weeks after the election due to the disputed Florida ballots.
100. January 7 1901 – New York stock exchange trading exceeds two million shares for the first time in history. 1944 – The U.S. Air Force announces the production of the first jet-fighter, Bell P-59 Airacomet.
101. January 8 1892 – A coal mine explosion kills 100 in McAlister, Oklahoma. 1954 – President Dwight Eisenhower proposes stripping convicted Communists of their U.S. citizenship.
102. January 9 1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense, a scathing attack on King George III's reign over the colonies and a call for complete independence. 1952 – Jackie Robinson becomes the highest paid player in Brooklyn Dodger history.
103. January 10 1917 – Germany is rebuked as the Entente officially rejects a proposal for peace talks and demands the return of occupied territories from Germany. 1920 – The Treaty of Versailles goes into effect. 1923 – The United States withdraws its last troops from Germany.
104. January 11 4 BCE – Julius Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon River, plunging Rome into civil war. 1948 – President Harry S. Truman proposes free, two-year community colleges for all who want an education.
105. January 12 1908 – A wireless message is sent long-distance for the first time from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. 1991 – The U.S. Congress gives the green light to military action against Iraq in the Persian Gulf Crisis.
106. January 13 1846 – President James Polk dispatches General Zachary Taylor and 4,000 troops to the Texas Border as war with Mexico looms. 1927 – A woman takes a seat on the NY Stock Exchange breaking the all-male tradition.
107. January 14 1920 – Berlin is placed under martial law as 40,000 radicals rush the Reichstag; 42 are dead and 105 are wounded. 1943 – Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Charles DeGaulle meet at Casablanca to discuss the direction of the war.
108. Period 1
109. Period 2
110. Period 3
111. Period 4
112. January 15 1913 – The first telephone line between Berlin and New York is inaugurated. 1920 –The Dry Law goes into effect in the United States. Selling liquor and beer becomes illegal.
113. Period 5
114. Period 6
115. Period 7
116. January 16 1547 – Ivan IV crowns himself the new Czar of Russia in Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. 1944 – Eisenhower assumes supreme command of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe. 1979 – The Shah leaves Iran.
117. January 17 1893 – Queen Liliuokalani, the Hawaiian monarch, is overthrown by a group of American sugar planters led by Sanford Ballard Dole. 1985 – A jury in New Jersey rules that terminally ill patients have the right to starve themselves.
118. January 18 1701 – Frederick III, the elector of Brandenburg, becomes king of Prussia. 1910 – Aviator Eugene Ely performs his first successful take off and landing from a ship in San Francisco. 1948 – Ghandi breaks a 121-hour fast after halting Muslem-Hindu riots.
119. January 19 1523 – In Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli publishes his 67 Articles, the first manifesto of the Zurich Reformation which attacks the authority of the Pope. 1783 – William Pitt becomes the youngest Prime Minister of England at age 24.
120. January 20 1327 – Edward II of England is deposed by his eldest son, Edward III. 1930 – Charles Lindbergh arrives in New York, setting a cross country flying record of 14.75 hours.
121. January 21 1793 – The French King Louis XVI is guillotined for treason. 1943 – A Nazi daylight air raid kills 34 in a London school. 1974 – The U.S. Supreme Court decides that pregnant teachers can no longer be forced to take long leaves of absence.
122. January 22 1689 – England's "Bloodless Revolution" reaches its climax when parliament invites William and Mary to become joint sovereigns. 1807 – President Thomas Jefferson exposes a plot by Aaron Burr to form a new republic in the Southwest. 1905 – Russian troops fire on civilians beginning Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg.
123. January 23 1913 – The "Young Turks" revolt because they are angered by the concessions made at the London peace talks. 1951 – President Truman creates the Commission on Internal Security and Individual Rights, to monitor the anti-Communist campaign.
124. January 24 1848 – Gold is discovered by James Wilson Marshall at his partner Johann August Sutter's sawmill on the South Fork of the American River, near Coloma, California. 1946 – The UN establishes the International Atomic Energy Commission.
125. January 25 1533 – Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn. 1915 – Alexander Graham Bell in New York and Thomas Watson in San Francisco make a record telephone transmission.
126. January 26 1875 – Pinkerton agents, hunting Jesse James, kill his 18-year-old half-brother and seriously injure his mother with a bomb. 1934 – Germany signs a 10-year non-aggression pact with Poland, breaking the French alliance system.
127. January 27 1916 – President Woodrow Wilson opens preparedness program. 1924 –Lenin's body is laid in a marble tomb on Red Square near the Kremlin.
128. January 28 1547 – Henry VIII of England dies and is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Edward VI. 1986 – The space shuttle Challenger explodes just after liftoff.
129. January 29 1950 – Riots break out in Johannesburg, South Africa, over the policy of Apartheid. 1991 – Iraqi forces attack into Saudi Arabian town of Kafji, but are turned back by Coalition forces.
130. January 30 1649 – Charles I of England is beheaded at Whitehall by the executioner Richard Brandon. 1933 – Adolf Hitler is named Chancellor by President Paul Hindenburg.
131. January 31 1606 – Guy Fawkes is hanged, drawn and quartered for his part in the Gunpowder Plot, an attempt to blow up Parliament. 1968 – In Vietnam, the Tet Offensive begins as Viet Cong and North Vietnamese soldiers attack strategic and civilian locations throughout South Vietnam.
132. February 1 1587 – Elizabeth I, Queen of England, signs the Warrant of Execution for Mary Queen of Scots 1960 – Four black students stage a sit-in at a segregated Greensboro, N.C. lunch counter
133. February 2 1494 – Columbus begins the practice using Indians as slaves 1900 – Six cities, Boston, Detroit, Milwaukee, Baltimore, Chicago and St. Louis agree to form baseball's American League
134. February 3 1908 –The U.S. Supreme Court rules that union-sponsored boycotts are illegal, and applies the Sherman Antitrust Act to labor as well as capital. 1912 – New U.S. football rules are set: field shortened to 100 yds.; touchdown counts six points instead of five; four downs are allowed instead of three; and the kickoff is moved from midfield to the 40 yd. line.
135. February 4 1795 – France abolishes slavery in her territories and confers slaves to citizens. 1915 – Germany decrees British waters as part of the war zone; all ships to be sunk without warning.
136. February 5 1947 – The Soviet Union and Great Britain reject terms for an American trusteeship over Japanese Pacific Isles. 1952 – New York adopts three-colored traffic lights.
137. February 6 1916 – Germany admits full liability for Lusitania incident and recognizes the United State's right to claim indemnity. 1933 – Adolf Hitler's Third Reich begins press censorship.
138. February 7 1913 – The Turks lose 5,000 men in a battle with the Bulgarian army in Gallipoli 1964 – The British band The Beatles are greeted by 25,000 fans upon their arrival in the United States at JFK Airport.
139. February 8 1587 – Mary, Queen of Scots is beheaded in Fotheringhay Castle for her alleged part in the conspiracy to usurp Elizabeth I. 1887 – Congress passes the Dawes Act, which gives citizenship to Indians living apart from their tribe.
140. February 9 1946 – Stalin announces the new five-year plan for the Soviet Union, calling for production boosts of 50 percent 1994 – Nelson Mandela becomes the first black president of South Africa.
141. February 10 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte leaves Cairo, Egypt, for Syria, at the head of 13,000 men 1941 – Iceland is attacked by German planes.
142. February 11 1531 – Henry VIII is recognized as the supreme head of the Church of England. 1904 – President Theodore Roosevelt proclaims strict neutrality for the United States in the Russo-Japanese War.
143. February 12 1921 – Winston Churchill of London is appointed colonial secretary. 1931 – Japan makes its first television broadcast–a baseball game.
144. February 13 1542 – Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII, is beheaded for adultery 1865 – The Confederacy approves the recruitment of slaves as soldiers, as long as the approval of their owners is gained
145. February 14 1349 –2,000 Jews are burned at the stake in Strasbourg, Germany 1957 – The Georgia state senate outlaws interracial athletics 1979 – Armed guerrillas attack the U.S. embassy in Tehran.
146. February 15 1798 – The first serious fist fight occurs in Congress. 1898 – The U.S. battleship Maine blows up in Havana Harbor, killing 268 sailors and bringing hordes of Western cowboys and gunfighters rushing to enlist in the Spanish-American War
147. February 16 1942 – Tojo outlines Japan's war aims to the Diet, referring to "new order of coexistence" in East Asia. 1952 – The FBI arrests 10 members of the Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina.
148. February 17 1801 – The House of Representatives breaks an electoral college tie and chooses Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr. 1919 – Germany signs an armistice giving up territory in Poland.
149. February 18 1907 – 600,000 tons of grain are sent to Russia to relieve the famine there. 1945 – U.S. Marines storm ashore at Iwo Jima.
150. February 19 1861 – Russian Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom. 1917 – American troops are recalled from the Mexican border.
151. February 20 1938 – Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia. 1959 – The FCC applies the equal time rule to TV newscasts of political candidates.
152. February 21 1631 – Mikhail Romanov, son of the Patriarch of Moscow, is elected Russian Tsar. 1862 – The Texas Rangers win a Confederate victory in the Battle of Val Verde, New Mexico. 1972 – Richard Nixon arrives in Beijing, China, becoming the first U.S. president to visit a country not diplomatically recognized by the U.S.
153. February 22 1349 – Jews are expelled from Zurich, Switzerland. 1909 – The Great White Fleet returns to Norfolk, Virginia, from an around-the-world show of naval power. 1984 – Britain and the U.S. send warships to the Persian Gulf following an Iranian offensive against Iraq.
154. February 23 303 – Emperor Diocletian orders the general persecution of Christians in Rome. 1836 – The Alamo is besieged by Santa Anna.
155. February 24 786 – Pepin the Short of Gaul dies. His dominions are divided between his sons Charles (Charlemagne) and Carloman. 1821 – Mexico gains independence from Spain.
156. February 25 1815 – Napoleon leaves his exile on the island of Elba, returning to France. 1910 – The Dalai Lama flees from the Chinese and takes refuge in India.
157. February 26 1848 – Karl Marx and Frederick Engels publish The Communist Manifesto in London. 1951 – The 22nd Amendment is added to the Constitution limiting the Presidency to two terms.
158. February 27 425 – Theodosius effectively founds a university in Constantinople. 1920 – The United States rejects a Soviet peace offer as propaganda.
159. February 28 1066 – Westminster Abbey, the most famous church in England, opens its doors. 1967 – In Mississippi, 19 are indicted in the slayings of three civil rights workers.
160. March 1 1780 – Pennsylvania becomes the first U.S. state to abolish slavery. 1974 – A grand jury indicts seven of President Nixon's aides for the conspiracy on Watergate. 1992 –Bosnian Serbs begin sniping in Sarajevo, after Croats and Moslems vote for Bosnian independence.