Matter

1. Matter

2. What is Matter? • Matter is anything that • Has mass • Takes up space (has volume)

3. Classifying Matter • Four basic categories of matter • Element • Compound • Mixtures: • Homogeneous • Heterogeneous

4. Element • The simplest form of matter • All one kind of atom • Found on the Periodic Table • Examples: oxygen, carbon, phosphorus

5. Compound • Two or more elements chemically bonded together • Have completely different properties than the original elements • Can only be broken down by chemical means • Example: Oxygen and Hydrogen bond to make the compound we call water.

6. Elements vs. Compounds • Compounds CAN be broken down into simpler substances chemically • Elements CANNOT be broken down • A CHEMICAL change is one that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter. • For example, if you break water down into oxygen and hydrogen you get two new substances. • If you rip a piece of paper in half you still have paper. • Which illustrates a chemical change?

7. Mixtures • Mixtures are made of two or more substances physically combined. • Can be either • Heterogeneous • Homogeneous • Every part of a mixture keeps its own properties (does not form a new substance). • Every mixture can be separated physically!

8. Heterogeneous Mixtures • The mixture is not uniform (the same) in composition. • You can easily pick out the different pieces. • Examples: chocolate chip cookie, gravel, tossed salad, trail mix, air

9. Homogeneous Mixture • Same composition throughout the mixture • It looks like one substance even though it is actually two or more! • Examples: kool-aid, salt water, brass

10. Mixtures vs. Compounds Compound Mixture Made of more than one kind of material Physical change Variable composition • Made of one kind of material • Chemical change • Definite composition (has a chemical formula)

11. Matter • Pure substances • Element • Compound (two or more elements chemically bonded) • Mixtures • Heterogeneous • Homogeneous

13. Separating Mixtures

14. Separating Mixtures • Since all mixtures are physically put together, they can be physically separated. • Methods include: • Using magnets • Filtration • Chromatography • Distillation

15. Magnets • If one part of your mixture is magnetic, you can use magnets to separate it. • For example, a mixture of black pepper and iron filings would be difficult to pick apart by hand- but magnets could attract the iron filings and leave the pepper! • Example: magnets are used in landfills to separate out magnetic objects for recycling.

16. Filtration • Separates particles by size • If I accidentally spill a bag of rice into my cake mix, do I have to throw it all out? • Use a filter! • Lets the small flour particles through • Traps the grains of rice

17. Chromatography • Components of dyes such as ink may be separated by paper chromatography. • Ink particles flow through the filter paper at different speeds so the different pigments separate.

18. Distillation • Distillation separates mixtures based on different boiling points. • Example: water is distilled to remove impurities

19. Your Turn! • Design a procedure to separate a mixture of sand, salt, iron filings, and parsley flakes. • Available equipment includes beakers, funnels, filter paper, water, magnets, spoons, and hot plates.

20. States of Matter

21. Objectives • List the four states of matter • Four the main three states: • Describe and draw atomic structure • Know how changes in heat and energy affect motion of particles • Explain the Kinetic Theory of Matter

22. States of Matter • Solid- definite shape and definite volume • Liquid • Definite volume • Takes the shape of its container • Gas- no definite shape or volume • Plasma- like a supercharged gas

24. Atomic Structure • All matter is made up of small particles called atoms • The arrangement of atoms helps determine if a substance is in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state

25. Kinetic Theory of Matter • All matter is made of atoms • Atoms are constantly in motion • As heat increases, so does energy  particles move faster Gas Liquid Solid Temperature Energy

26. Three Main Phases

27. Solid • Particles tightly packed together • Vibrate in place

28. Liquid • Particles a little further apart • Room to slide past each other

29. Gas • Particles move as far apart as they can • Constantly bouncing around and colliding with each other

30. Your Turn! • Objectives: • List 4 phases of matter • Describe the Kinetic Theory of Matter • Model the atomic structure of solids, liquids, and gases

31. Amorphous Solids • Not all substances can be classified easily as either solid or liquid. • Some have characteristics of both • Ex: Peanut butter • We call these amorphous solids • Their atomic structures are between those of solids and liquids

32. Amorphous vs. Crystalline Solids Amorphous Crystalline Definite shape and volume Cannot be compressed Atoms tightly packed together in a rigid structure Atoms cannot move past each other • Does not always have definite shape or volume • Can be compressed (like a rubber ball) • Looser arrangement of atoms • Atoms move more