Organisms in the same genus are closely related.

1. Dogs (Canis familiaris) are most closely related genetically to which of the following organisms? A African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus) B Gray wolf (Canis lupus) C Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) D Domestic cat (Felis catus) Organisms in the same genus are closely related. 1

2. The primary way liquids and gases transmit heat is by the process of — F reflection G conduction H radiation J convection Gases and liquid can convect. 2

3. Then a body of water. Forest- 1st During a severe drought a dry lake was explored for fossils. The diagram represents the fossils uncovered and the layers they were in. According to this information, this area was once a — A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake B freshwater lake that was replaced by a desert C saltwater sea that was replaced by a forest D freshwater lake that was replaced by a forest These 3 “falsely” say that the area was water before land. 3

4. A laboratory investigation included examining prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled organisms with a nucleus and either cilia or flagella were visible. These organisms probably belong to the kingdom — F Animalia G Fungi H Plantae J Protista These 3 kingdoms are normally multicellular, though there are some unicellular fungi, but the fungi would not have cilia or flagella. 4

5. If there are 4 electrons and 4 protons, the element’s atomic number is 4. The picture shows a model of the element — A fluorine B helium C beryllium D oxygen 5

6. Which of these is a hypothesis that can be tested through experimentation? F Bacterial growth increases exponentially as temperature increases. G A fish’s ability to taste food is affected by the clarity of aquarium water. H Tadpoles’ fear of carnivorous insect larvae increases as the tadpoles age. J The number of times a dog wags its tail indicates how content the dog is. You can measure amounts of bacteria and you can measure temperature. How can these be measured? If they can’t, then they are untestable. 6

7. Which of the following shows the length of a rubber strip measured precisely to 2.22 centimeters? – 7

8. How much force is needed to accelerate a 1,300 kg car at a rate of 1.5 m/s 2? F 867 N G 1,950 N H 8,493 N J 16,562 N Force = mass x acceleration Force = 1,300 x 1.5 8

9. Use this information for questions 9-11.

10. Oxygen (O2) is an example of — A an alloy B a molecule C a salt D a mixture An alloy is a mixture or solution of two metals. A molecule is two or more atoms bonded covalently together. Usually included in the bonds are C, P and the diatomic elements bonded together. A salt is a an ionic bond between a metal and non-metal. A mixture is two substances together but not bonding together. A compound can be two or more elements bonded together, with ionic or metallic bonds. 9

11. NON-Metals Metals +1 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 0 Things in or near this circle are covalently bonded, if bonded to each other and they are called molecules.

12. Diatomic elements

13. To produce 4 molecules of sugar, a plant needs — F 6 molecules of hydrogen G 12 molecules of ATP H 18 molecules of water J 24 molecules of carbon dioxide Multiply the whole reaction by 4. 4( ) 1 10 4 x 6 carbon dioxide

14. Which structure regulates gas exchange during the processes of photosynthesis and respiration? A Q B R C S D T Gases go in here! O2 CO2 11

15. Which conclusion is best supported by these data? F Earth’s surface is composed mostly of silicon and calcium. G Oxygen is closer to Earth’s surface than aluminum. H There is more aluminum than calcium at Earth’s surface. J Silicon is much heavier than iron at 12

16. The table shows times required for the same toy car to travel 10 m across an identical section of a floor after it is pushed. The difference in times was probably caused by differences in — A force exerted B surface friction C air resistance D car mass It is hard to duplicate your muscle force exactly, with each trial. These 3 variables remained constant each time. 13

17. Which would most likely cause the liquid in Tube A to rise? F Starch concentrations being equal on each side of the membrane G Water passing from a region of lower starch concentration to one of higher starch concentration H Water and starch volumes being the same J Solute in the tubes changing from a higher temperature to a lower temperature Starch is a solute. Osmosis is when ‘cleaner water’ (in this case ‘distilled’) wants to go through a membrane to ‘less clean water’ (in this case, ‘starchy’). Tube B water goes through the Dialysis membrane toward the Tube A. Water goes from high concentration to low concentration. Or if you want to look at it from the solute point of view…the water goes from ‘less solute solution’ to ‘more solute solution.’ The solute (starch) doesn’t go through this membrane. 14

18. The reason forwafting or fanning a small amount of chemical vapors toward the nose as a means to detect odors in a test tube is to — A avoid experimental error from excessive loss of mass of reactants or products B avoid splashing chemicals into the face of any person C protect the respiratory tract against potentially harmful vapors D determine the relative strength of the odor before smelling directly 15

19. Pain medications can be made as powders or tablets. The powders tend to work faster than tablets with the same ingredients because powder — F dissolves faster in solution than a single tablet G has more total mass than a single tablet H travels through the bloodstream more easily than a tablet J is easier to swallow than tablets A tablet has less surface area for solubility. Powders have more surface area for faster solubility. 16

20. Which structure in the upper arm is responsible for raising the lower arm? A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 1. Anchor of a muscle. 2. Tendons of a muscle. 3. Muscle that gets shorter. 4. Anchor of the muscle. 17

21. All of the following symptoms are likely associated with bacterial infection except — F skin rashes or lesions G elevated body temperature H swollen glands or tissues J increased red blood cell count All 3 of these things can happen when you are fighting a bacterial infection. You build more white blood cells in response to infections, NOT red blood cells. 18

22. This seed is best dispersed by — A water B birds C wind D insects Windborne seeds are lightweight and blade-like. Water dispersed seeds float. Animal dispersed seeds either taste good or attach to fur. Maple flowers on a maple tree make seeds. 19

23. A car traveled 150 km in 2.5 hours. What was its average speed in km per hour? Record and bubble in your answer on the answerdocument. Speed = distance ÷ time 150 ÷ 2.5 60 km/h 20

24. Which of the following will allow measurement of a liquid’s volume with the greatest precision? A 50 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments B 100 mL cylinder graduated in 0.5 mL increments C 100 mL cylinder graduated in 1 mL increments D 200 mL cylinder graduated in 5 mL increments Rule: Choose a ‘skinny’ glassware. Choose the cylinder with the most lines on it, and the smallest subparts for precision. 50 ÷ 1 = 50 lines 1 ml subpart 100 ÷ 0.5 = 200 lines 1/2 ml subpart 100 ÷ 1 = 100 lines 1 ml subpart 200 ÷ 5 = 40 5 ml subpart 21

25. The diagram represents the chromosomes of a person with a genetic disorder caused by nondisjunction, in which the chromosomes fail to separate properly. Which chromosome set displays nondisjunction? F 2 G 8 H 21 J 23 There should be 2 chromosomes (one from the egg and one from the sperm) in all the 23 spots. There are 3 chromosomes instead of two. 22

26. Which organism lives in the human intestine and aids in the digestive process? A The bacterium Escherichia coli B The fungus Trichophyton rubrum C The protozoan Entamoeba coli D The algae Fucus vesiculosus Most strains of E.coli are mutualistic in human intestines. Most human mutualistic fungi are on the skin. Protists are generally parasitic inside humans. Algae need the sun…no sun in human stomachs. 23

27. Which of the following is most likely to cause increases in a predator population? F Fewer prey G A reduction in competition H More parasites J A period of drought Fewer prey decreases predators. If there are fewer hawks, there are more eagles. More parasites to eagles means fewer eagles. Less rain = less plants = less prey = less predators. 24

28. The medulla, part of the brain stem, reacts quickly to increased levels of CO2 in the blood and stimulates a response from the — A excretory system B immune system C respiratory system D integumentary system The kidneys react to other wastes in blood. The white blood cells react to pathogens. The lungs react to the muscles which react to the brain. The skin reacts to the hypothalamus(themostat.) 25

29. G A A AGA Use this chart for the next question.

30. Mutated has one substitution. normal The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred? F The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected. G The identity of one amino acid would change. H The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged. J The identities of more than one amino acid would change. Only if there had been a deletion of 3 or more letters. AGA codes for arginine, and ACA codes for threonine. AGA codes for arginine, and ACA codes for threonine. This can happen when only one or two letters are added or deleted. 26

31. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell’s — A mitochondria B chloroplasts C plastids D lysosomes Mitochondria use oxygen and sugar to recharge ADP’s into ATP’s (cell energy source.) Animal cells don’t have chloroplasts. Plants do. Animal cells don’t have plastids (for photosynthesis.) Lysosomes help with digestion of food & recycling. 27

32. Ten different types of culture media were inoculated with the same strain of bacteria and incubated at the same temperature. Nine of the cultures grew. Which of these conclusions can be drawn from this information? F The media used in the experiment are all capable of sustaining bacterial growth. G The temperature varied greatly during the experiment. H Only the culture that failed to grow bacteria was inoculated properly. J One of the media lacked the nutrients needed for the bacteria to grow. Why didn’t the 10th dish grow bacteria? Given: same temperature Assume inoculation was done consistently. Perhaps one media (food) wasn’t suitable for that species of bacteria to grow. 28

33. Use this info. for the next question.

34. Which conclusion about the frogs is supported by these data? A Four frogs out of ten preferred the green area. B The frogs randomly moved into the colored areas. C Most frogs tended to avoid the red area. D Most frogs preferred the color blue. 40% does not equal 35%. 31%, 35%, 34% are all close to 33% statistically. 31%, 35%, 34% are all close to 33% statistically. Red was only 3% different than blue. “Most” means over 50%. Blue section was 34%. 29

35. Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers? F Hawks G Weasels H Raccoons J Mice Secondary consumers eat herbivores. Primary consumers are HERBIVORES 30

36. What is the density at 20°C of 12.0 milliliters of a liquid that has a mass of 4.05 grams? A 0.338 g/mL B 2.96 g/mL C 16.1 g/mL D 48.6 g/mL Don’t need temp. Density = mass ÷ volume ? = 4.05 g ÷ 12mL 31

37. Which switch, if opened, will cause the light bulb to stop glowing? F Q G R H S J T If R was opened/off, the electricity would still go through S to the bulb. If T was opened/off, the electricity would still go through S to the bulb. If S was opened/off, the electricity would still go through R and T to the bulb. If Q was opened/off, the electricity would NOTmake it to the bulb. Battery 32

38. This relationship is an example of — A predation B parasitism C mutualism D commensalism The tree is not being killed and totally consumed (eaten.) The ants are not hurting the tree. The ants are benefiting and the tree is benefiting. 33 Commensalism is when only one species benefits, neither harmed.

39. The owner of a pet store assures a customer that if she buys only one female hamster, she will not need to worry about the hamster having offspring, because there will be no male with which the female can breed. What possibility is the pet-store owner overlooking? F The hamster could be infertile. G The sex of the hamster could change. H The hamster could be pregnant. J The hamster could be a twin. Irrelevant unless the customer wants more hamsters eventually. Sex changes do not occur in hamsters. If she were pregnant, the customer will have more hamsters soon. Does not apply to the customer. 34

40. Which of the following pieces of equipment would be most appropriate for measuring the volume of a marble? Not precise for a marble Marble displacement of water Marble mass Marble diameter 35

41. In the rock cycle, which of these is a chemical change involved with the formation of igneous rocks? F Compression of sediments G Heat loss from lava H Subduction of plates J Formation of minerals May cause a chemical change with pressure. May result from chemical changes. Is the act of elements unbonding and rebonding. May cause a chemical change with heat/friction. 36

42. Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually mobile and obtain food from other organisms probably belong to the kingdom — A Plantae B Fungi C Animalia D Protista Multicellular, but make their own food. Multicellular fungi are not mobile. Unicellular usually. 37

43. At 0°C sound travels through air at a speed of 330 m/s. If a sound wave is produced with a wavelength of 0.10 m, what is the wave’s frequency? F 0.0033 Hz G 33 Hz H 330 Hz J 3300 Hz Don’t need temp. Velocity = frequency X wavelength 330 = ? X 0.10 330 ÷ 0.10 = ? X 0.10 ÷ 0.10 330 ÷ 0.10 = frequency 38

44. Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns Trophic levels do not include home/habitat. Trophic levels have nothing to do with classification or nomenclature. Animals in the same trophic level defines that they eat of the same trophic level below. You don’t have to hunt in a similar way to be in the same trophic level. 39

45. 12 ÷ 8 = 1.5 15 ÷ 9 = 1.67 14 ÷ 12 = 1.16 11 ÷ 15 = .73 The diagram represents the total travel of a teacher on a Saturday. Which part of the trip is made at the greatest average speed? F Q G R H S J T 40

46. What characteristic of waterremains the same no matter what is dissolved in it? A The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen B The ability to refract light C The hydroxide ion concentration D The freezing temperature Water is defined as two hydrogens to one oxygen. If there were more or less of these elements, the compound would have a different name and not be water. The bending of light depends on temperature and whether there is any solute in the water. Usually, the amount of OH- and H+ ions are equal in pure water. Water that is not pure, such as with solutes, does not always freeze at 0oC. 41

47. Which of these characteristics might help a plant species survive in an area with limited sunlight? F Bright flowers G Large leaves H Short stems J Thick cuticles Has to do with pollination, not photosynthesis. Increases the odds of capturing some sunlight. More surface area means more sunlight captured. Prevents leaves from getting closer to the sun. More of a water conservation strategy, rather than a ‘capture more sun’ strategy. 42

48. Carnivore eats 500 but only keeps 50. 90% is lost as heat from the carnivore. 50 kilocalories kept. Herbivore eats 5000 but only keeps 500. 90% is lost as heat from the herbivore. 500 kilocalories kept. Plants absorb a lot of kcal from the sun. They retain some of the kcal. 5000 kilocalories kept.

49. He ate 1000 kcal He ate 30 kcal Producers He kept 100 kcal The other 4000 kcal were eaten by something else. He kept 3 kcal Primary consumer The other 70 kcal were eaten by something else. Secondary consumer Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50% 3 ÷ 5000 x 100 = .06% 43

50. In an investigation 10,000 dung beetles were examined for the presence of parasites. The data showed that about 5% of the beetles had parasites. The results are — F invalid because only dung beetles were examined G unsupported because the parasite population was small H erroneous because more beetles should have had parasites J valid because the sample size was sufficient for accuracy The question is only about parasites of dung beetles. Just because it was 5% doesn’t mean it’s wrong or unsupported. The data may have been surprising but it is still valid unless the data was collected incorrectly or inconsistently. 10,000 beetles is a very adequate sample size in which to make a valid conclusion. 44