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This chapter explores diverse family structures, including nuclear and extended families, and their roles in society. It delves into marriage patterns such as monogamy, polygamy, and cohabitation, while examining kinship systems and authority patterns within families. Functions of the family, including regulation of sexual activity, socialization, and economic security, are discussed. Additionally, the chapter addresses issues like family violence, divorce trends, and the impact of sociological theories on understanding family dynamics in contemporary America.
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Chapter 12 The Family http://player.discoveryeducation.com/?blnPreviewOnly=1&guidAssetId=7fc67569-2894-48a0-8c6d-fed3799f5d6e
Family • Family- a relatively permanent group of people connected by blood, marriage, or adoption that live together and share social and economic responsibilities. • Types of families • Nuclear • Extended • Orientation • Procreation
Types of Families • Nuclear-composed of one or two parents and their children • Extended-composed of three or more generations • Family of orientation- the family in which one is born into or adopted into • Family of procreation- the family that one creates through marriage
Kinship-a network of individuals related through common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. • How does a family tree portray a kinship system?
Marriage • A legal union that involves a man and a woman as husband and wife • What is the difference between marriage and cohabitation?
Marriage Patterns • Homogamy- marriage between persons with similar characteristics? • Heterogamy- marriage between persons with different characteristics • What is endogamy? What about exogamy?
Patterns cont. • Monogamy- marriage to one person at a time • Serial monogamy- succession of marriage and divorces involving one spouse at a time • Polygamy-marriage to more than one person at a time
Polygamy • Two types of Polygamy: • Polygyny-marriage of one male to two or more females. (Ex. Sister wives, Big Love) • http://tlc.discovery.com/videos/sister-wives-time-divided-between-four-wives.html • Polyandry- marriage of one female to two or more males (ex. Tibetan women can marry more than one man at a time) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4yjrDSvze0
Residential Patterns • Patrilocal- married couple lives with or near the husband’s family • Matrilocal-married couple lives with or near the wife’s family • Neolocal- married couple lives apart from parents of both spouses Bewitched Everybody Loves Raymond
Patterns of Descent • Patrilineal- tracing kinship through males • Matrilineal- tracing kinship through females • Bilateral- tracing kinship through both males and females
Patterns of Authority • Patriarchy-men dominate the family • Matriarchy-women dominate the family • Egalitarian- men and women share authority
Types of Marriages • Conflict-habituated: Unresolved conflict and tension are the norm • Devitalized: marriage has lost its zest, liveliness or excitement • Passive-congenial: utilitarian in nature, emphasizes practicality rather than emotional closeness • Vital: marriages that are full of life, enjoyment and happiness
Types of Marriages cont. • Total- multifaceted marriages, all important aspects are included • Static- follows traditional marriage roles with little or no room for change • Flexible- allows spouses to negotiate and talk about expectations concerning relationship
Family Types • Single-parent family: composed of one parent and children • Blended family: a family created from previous divorces or separations experienced by one or both spouses
Functions of the family • Regulation of sexual activity: all societies regulate the sexual activities of their members to some degree. • Incest Taboo- norm forbidding sexual relationships or marriage between certain relatives. • Reproduction- to survive societies must replace members who die or move away.
Functions cont. • Socialization- children must be taught the ways of the society into which they were born • Economic and emotional security- the family acts as the basic economic unit in society.
Family Disruption • Family Violence • 3.2 million cases of neglect or physical abuse against children in 1999 • 1998 1 million crimes of violence were committed against people by intimate partners • Divorce • 19.8 million Americans over the age of 19 who are divorced • The number of divorces is 42% and is the highest in the world.
Who is at risk for divorce? • Young spouses, who have a brief courtship, fewer financial resources and less emotional maturity • People of lower social position due to financial strains • The risk of divorce rises for all social classes if an unexpected pregnancy or substance abuse problem is involved
Risk for divorce cont. • People who are non-religious • Two-career marriages due to career related strains and financially independent women • People who have experienced divorce already
Trends in American Family Life • Delayed Marriage • Delayed Childbearing • Childlessness • Dual-Earner Marriages • One Parent Families • Remarriage
Sociological Theories • Structural-functionalism: suggests that the family performs various tasks that contribute to the stability of society • Conflict: suggests that the family perpetuates social inequality • Symbolic interactionism: focuses on how individuals shape and experience family life on a daily basis
