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Building a New World

Building a New World. The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century. I. Agriculture and the Land. Agrarian Society – focus of Agriculture -only exception = Holland - 80% of Western Europe (1600’s) - Higher in eastern Europe -Overall Output was low

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Building a New World

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  1. Building a New World The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century

  2. I. Agriculture and the Land Agrarian Society – focus of Agriculture -only exception = Holland - 80% of Western Europe (1600’s) - Higher in eastern Europe -Overall Output was low - Land was the center of the European Economy and society What are some problem associated with a poor production of crop?

  3. I. Agriculture and the Land • The output on the land (Example is Po Valley pg 630) - Every bushel of wheat sown only yielded five of six bushels of grain at harvest - French numbers are worse * Farming had barely evolved in thousands of years

  4. I. Agriculture and the Land What do you do when your land yields no crops? Famine Foods = bark and nuts, weeds and grass, Eat other humans??? It’s possible!!!!! Effect = increased disease such as dysentery

  5. A. The Open-Field System Def. = Divided the land of the village to be cultivated by the peasants in several large fields; in turn cut up into long narrow strips • Peasants farmed as a community; each family followed the same system as the rest of the village • Soil became exhausted – depletion of nitrogen

  6. A. The Open-Field System 3. 3 year rotation helped to avoid fallow land - After on year of wheat, plant beans…still had one year of fallow land 4. Common Lands – Open fields usually of hay or pasture for horse and oxen

  7. A. The Open-Field System The Gleaner by Jean Francois Millet

  8. A. The Open-Field System 5. Picking the single grains that had fallen was back breaking work done by poor females.

  9. A. The Open-Field System 5. The tradition of farming was a blessing and a curse -Blessing = everyone knew their role -Curse = No forward progress; don’t rock the boat; things stay the same 6. The life of the serf in Eastern Europe was that much worse than those of Western Europe

  10. A. The Open-Field System Read Pages 632-633. Determine how life varied depending on where you lived.____________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________

  11. B. The Agricultural Revolution • Peasants by and large were bound to peasantry due to the outdated social and political structures • Solution was to go away from tradition and use technology to better the process

  12. B. The Agricultural Revolution a. Crop Rotation – Rotate between crops that destroy the soil and those that replenish it - could develop a ten year rotation - Always some food being produced - Charles Townshend – British - More animal feed

  13. B. The Agricultural Revolution But could this happen? Why was this a problem? 1. Tradition = All or none! Tough to experiment new ideas when farming as a community

  14. B. The Agricultural Revolution b. The Enclosure movement – closing up the open – field system - Added organization to the process of farming - No longer done as a community - It will rid some peasants of their holdings

  15. C. The Leadership of the Low Countries and England The Dutch led the way, not only in Finance and shipbuilding but also drainage and agriculture Foreigners traveled to see the Flemish agriculture Drainage allowed the Dutch to compete with other agricultural centers

  16. C. The Leadership of the Low Countries and England • Cornelius Vermuyden – directed one of the largest drainage projects; Dutch engineer a. created a space for farming out of old marsh b. Since this land was not claimed prior, framers were able to practice crop rotation and experiment with new crops

  17. C. The Leadership of the Low Countries and England 2. Charles Townsend (1674-1738) – found that the turnip could be used to improve farming when combined with crop rotation and manure 3. Jethro Tull (1674-1741) – used empirical methods to improve farming a. Developed the seed drill b. all seeds are evenly distributed at the proper depth

  18. C. The Leadership of the Low Countries and England 4. Breeding – came from the thoroughbred horse activity of England a. Larger livestock meant more food on tables 5. By 1870, English farmers were producing 300 percent more food than in 1700

  19. D. The Enclosure Cost • Small peasant owners could not even afford to pay the surveying costs to divide the land “evenly” 2. Tenant farms were able to produce for profit, eliminating the competition from peasant farmers

  20. D. The Enclosure Cost 3. Two major changes a. market-oriented estate agriculture b. landless rural working class 4. Small minority owned majority of English land a. leased their land to middle sized farmers 5. Proletarianization- going from a large number of peasant farmers to landless rural wage seekers

  21. II. Population Explodes

  22. A. Limitations on Population Growth 1. Population does not always grow at a high rate a. View fig. 19.1 on page 637 2. Increased population is not always good for everyone a. Era after the Black Death saw increase standards of living 3. By 1600, population increases was taking its toll on the resources and wealth of Europe

  23. A. Limitations on Population Growth 4. What is 1%? a. read page 638 to gain a scope of what it means to grow at a rate of one percent per year. 5. Famine, Disease, and War leveled the population playing field to some extent

  24. B. The New Pattern of the 18th Century • What caused the population to increase throughout ALL of Europe in the 1700’s? 1. fewer deaths from the Plague a. the Asian rat drives off the black rat disease carrier 2. Medical advancements -

  25. B. The New Pattern of the 18th Century 2. Medical advancements a. inoculation of smallpox 3. Improvements to the water supply 4. Drainage reduced the insect population…more disease spreaders! 5. Roads and canals help to spread the crops throughout the land and keep people healthier 6. New foods (potato) were more fmaine proof

  26. B. The New Pattern of the 18th Century Were human beings showing progress? Is population a sign of this progress?

  27. III. The Growth of the Cottage Industry

  28. III. The Growth of the Cottage Industry • Increased number of rural workers with little to no land • Rural worker were employed over the high cost of urban workers • The Rural workers took over for the urban artisans and guilds who could simply not keep up with demand

  29. III. The Growth of the Cottage Industry • Different Names: • Cottage Industry • Domestic System • “Protoindustrialization” • Putting-out system

  30. A. The Putting-Out System • Two main Participants: • The merchant capitalists – “put out” raw materials to cottage workers • Rural workers – took raw material to home and brought back a finished product - Paid by the piece

  31. A. The Putting-Out System 2. Why did it work? a. landless laborers willing to work for low wages b. Did not need to meet the standards of the urban guilds (could experiment without repercussion) 3. Rural manufacturing appears in England first

  32. A. The Putting-Out System 4. In France, under Louis XIV, Colbert increased the power of the urban guilds, thus delaying the putting-out system - Read “The Decline of the Guilds” 658

  33. B. The Textile Industry • The industry that employed the most workers up to the 19th century • The life of a cottage worker a. live in small house with little space (cottage), often just a single room b. Large loom for weaving, a spinning wheel, tub for dying all in the cottage c. A family business d. multiple women needed to spin thread for the weaver to stay in business

  34. B. The Textile Industry 3. The Merchant perspective a. did not trust the laborers – constant disputes over quality and weights b. Hard to control the unorganized rural labor c. “Holy Monday” = very little activity d. viewed workers as lazy, unmotivated

  35. IV. Building the Atlantic Economy • European countries began expanding around the globe • England, in 1707, develops a union with Scotland and becomes Great Britain • Led in the building of an Atlantic Economy

  36. A. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars • Definition – system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. (Colbert) 2. In England the unusual idea of government economic regulations could and should serve the private interests of individuals as well as the public needs of the state

  37. A. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars 3. Most European countries put the needs of the state first – did not see a way for public and private to invest for the common good 4. Navigation Acts – The way for England to unite power and private wealth a.1651 – Oliver Cromwell b. 1660 and 1663 – Charles II

  38. A. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars 4. Navigation Acts c. Required most goods from Europe to be carried on British Ships with a British crew d. British ship owners held a virtual monopoly over colonial trade e. targeted the Dutch (Anglo-Dutch wars 1652-1674) -New Amsterdam is seized and renamed “New York”

  39. A. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars 5. Britain goes after France a. 3to 4 times the pop. Of England b. 1701 to 1763 engaged in war to sea who would become the dominate maritime power - Peace of Utrecht (War of Spanish Succession ) – grants Britain with Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory as well as the Spanish asiento, the West African slave trade

  40. A. Mercantilism and Colonial Wars - The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) led to the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) -Treaty of Paris (1763) – France loses all its possessions on the mainland of North America, Canada, the Mississippi holdings, and Louisiana (to Spain) 6. The Navigation Acts succeeded in making Britain the dominate empire of 1763

  41. B. Land and Labor in British America

  42. C. The Growth of Foreign Trade

  43. D. The Atlantic Slave Trade

  44. E. Revival in Colonial Latin America

  45. F. Adam Smith and Economic Liberation • Anti mercantilism movement took shape • Smaller, independent merchants began rebelling against “monopolies” like the East Indian Company and calling for “free trade”

  46. F. Adam Smith and Economic Liberation 3. Adam Smith (1723-1790) Scottish philosopher promoting free enterprise a. Wrote …Wealth of Nations (1776) b. mercantilism played favorites c. competition best safeguards consumers from price gouging 4. Government had 3 responsibilities:

  47. F. Adam Smith and Economic Liberation 4. Government had 3 responsibilities: a. defend against foreign invasion b. civil order through courts and policing c. sponsor needed public works that could not profit the private investor Page 655

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