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Integrated Desert Building Technologies (IDBT)

THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO. Integrated Desert Building Technologies (IDBT). Ezzat Fahmy Amr Serag-Eldin Ehab Abdel-Rahman. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO.

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Integrated Desert Building Technologies (IDBT)

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  1. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO Integrated Desert Building Technologies (IDBT) Ezzat Fahmy Amr Serag-Eldin Ehab Abdel-Rahman

  2. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO The Project Aims at Transfer, Development, Adaptation, and Integration of technologies in such fields as: Architecture, Structure, Materials And Construction, Energy Generation and Conservation, Water Management and Re-use, and Life Cost Analysis. Integrated Desert Building Technologies is a joint project between the American University in Cairo (AUC) and King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST)

  3. IDBT AUC Research Team • Medhat Haroun (Principal Investigator) • Ezzat Fahmy ( Material & Structures ) • Mohamed Abdel Moaty( Mat & Structures) • Mohamed Naguib (Material & Structure) • Ed Smith ( Water management & re-use) • Emad Imam( Water management & re-use) • Ehab Abdel Rahman( Energy Generation and Conservation) • Amr Serag-Eldin( Int. Energy systems) • Ahmed Sherif( Architecture) • Osama Hosny (Life cost cycle)

  4. CURRENT AND FUTURE PHASES OF THE PROJECT Phase I Developmental Studies Phase II Demonstration and Monitoring Phase III Practical Implementation Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the Arab World AUC/KAUST KAUST THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO

  5. ASPECTS OF EFFICIENT DESERT BUILDING DEVELOPMENT Energy Generation and Conservation Methodologies Structural, Materials and Construction Aspects Architectural Aspects Life Cycle Cost Analysis And Optimization Sustainable Wastewater Management THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO Elements of the First Phase

  6. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO Integrated Energy Systems in IDBT Amr Serag-Eldin

  7. Sustainability • The IDBT project places special emphasis on Sustainability. • Sustainability implies that future generations will be able to continue enjoying current living standards despite the reduction of fossil fuels and non-renewable energy resources. • Like most future building technologies it aims at reducing energy consumption without compromising indoor quality. • However, it goes one step further; it considers localized energy conversion from available RE resources. • The desert environment offers both challenges and opportunities, which the proposed design addresses

  8. Classification of Energy Loads • Heat Loads: • Cooling loads: Air-conditioning • Cooling loads: Refrigeration for preservation & cooling of food and beverage • Heating loads: Cooking • Heating loads: Occasional indoor heating (winter nights?) • Heating Loads: Domestic hot water (bathrooms, kitchen, dish/clothes-washers) • Electrical Loads: • Lighting • Appliances (computer, TV and multimedia, hair-dryers, dish/clothes washer motor, etc.. ; refrigerator and ovens have been added to heat loads) • Mechanical Loads: • Air circulation (ventilation & fans) • Water circulation and deep-well pumping.

  9. Special DBT Features • A/C load is expected to be the highest, particularly in summer daylight hrs. • Minimum water consumption is allowed. • Hostile environment (sand storms) • Most abundant source of RE is Solar • Night time temperatures much lower than daytime temperatures • Sun light hours don’t vary much year round • Wind energy is site dependent and should not be depended upon entirely. • A/C loads and Solar energy are in phase in year cycle.

  10. Energy System Design Guidelines • Reduce loads and conserve energy : particularly A/C loads. • Exploit locally available RE resources, particularly Solar (attempt zero conventional). • Extend use of available RE resources by introducing both thermal and electrical energy storage. • Design should not be too site specific; it should reflect the most common features of ME desserts. Thus biogas and desalination ruled out. • Design should provide a healthy, comfortable, and productive environment at minimum cost. • It should be reliable, durable, user friendly, as well as environmentally friendly.

  11. Proposed Energy System Considers Energy: • Conservation: Double-cavity-walls and reflective cladding, roof insulation and overhangs, ground insulation; smart windows; LED lighting; displacement ventilation; H.E. between fresh and discharge air; use of evaporative cooling • Conversion: Fresnel-mirror collectors/Absorption refrigeration, WECS, Photovoltaics, Wind-ventilator, Parabolic-dish/ Thermoacoustic-engine/refrigerator, flat-plate collectors • Storage : Chiller water storage, Hot water storage, Battery

  12. Fresnel collector principle

  13. A Fresnel Mirrors System

  14. A/C Absorption Chillers: Ammonia/water

  15. A/C Absorption Chillers :H2/Ammonia

  16. Displacement .vs. Dilution Ventilation

  17. CO2(ppm) in cross-planes

  18. T(oC) in cross-planes

  19. WIND DRIVEN VENTURI-VENTILATOR

  20. DEVELOPED EMPLOYING CFD

  21. A Model was built

  22. Tested and validated in W.T.

  23. A Full Scale Prototype was Built • Develop prototype to operate under field conditions : introduction of a self-alignment mechanism. • Test prototype under varying wind speed and direction. • Long term testing on a roof-top under actual/near-desert operating-conditions. • Integrate Wind ventilator in the architectural design . • Integrate it in the energy system, e.g. with thermal storage and passive cooling and heating systems.

  24. Prototype for Testing

  25. Parabolic Dish/Thermo-acoustic Engine

  26. Thermo-acoustic Engine/Refrigerator Mechanical Sterling Engine Free-piston Sterling Engine Thermo-acoustic Engine

  27. CFD Simulation : background • Thermo-acoustic engines/refrigerators are currently designed using simple thermo-acoustic theory subject to Rott’s acoustic approximations; which are justified for weak pressure waves (small amplitudes) and semi one dimensional geometries. • Our research is investigating applications with 10% or higher pressure amplitudes in 2/3 -dimensional geometries, and large dimensions with possibility of flow turbulence (requiring turbulence models). • We don’t want our designs to be constrained by the capabilities of our prediction models. Thus we need to go to the most general computational tools, namely CFD commercial S/W. • CFD solves sets of multi-dimension, partial-differential, non-linear eqns.; very different from Rott’s wave equations. Solution time and computational requirements are several orders of magnitude higher.

  28. CFD Solutions : Challenges & Solutions Challenges: • Very fine spatial grids covering large volumes, are required to capture the phenomena occurring , and for several cycles. • Formulation of boundary conditions requires special attention in order to reflect the physical situation as close as possible. Solutions: • Use parallel processors and parallelized CFD S/W. A single user version PHOENICS is temporarily set-up, until cluster of computers are connected. • Use of higher order discretization methods in order to get high accuracy with a reasonable grid size. Ongoing attempts to introduce in code.

  29. Alternative Design • From a thermodynamic point of view, it is NOT efficient to convert EE into HE; however from an economic /practicality point this may not be so. • Comparison will be made between an energy system based entirely on photovoltaic cells (converting some of EE into heat) and the one proposed here. • Comparison includes life cycle costs, projected reliability, ease of maintenance and repair and local manufacturing opportunities

  30. Summary & Conclusion for Energy component in DBT • An investigation was conducted to examine typical energy needs of a desert building. Special desert features were identified and a conceptual integrated energy system design presented. • The design in addition to being efficient in energy conservation, will also produce its own energy needs by converting readily available local solar energy, supplemented by any available wind energy. • Future work will involve detailed calculations, equipment selection and specification as well as performance estimates. Moreover, the proposed design, which employs novel techniques and non-conventional technologies, will be compared against one which relies only on photovoltaic cells to meet its energy requirements.

  31. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO Thermoacoustic Devices for Harvesting Energy from Solar Energy & Waste Heat Ehab Abdel-Rahman Department of Physics, AUC & Yousef Jameel Science and Technology Research Center, AUC

  32. Thermoacoustics (TA) is the study of the conversion of acoustic energy into heat energy and vice versa Acoustic energy can be harnessed in sealed systems and used to create powerful heat engines, heat pumps, and refrigerators. What is Thermoacoustic?

  33. Components of Heat Pump & Prime Movers

  34. Components of Heat Pump & Prime Movers

  35. Thermoacoustics is the study of temperature fluctuations in an acoustic field A Thermoacoustic refrigerator harnesses the thermoacoustic effect to move heat How does it work? 1 3 What a Gas Parcel Does 1) Expands and Cools 2) Draws Heat from Plate 3) Contracts and Heats 4) Expels Heat to Plate 4 2 Plate

  36. How does it work?

  37. History of Thermoacoustic Glass Blowers If heat to be given to the air at the moment of greatest condensation or taken from it at the moment of greatest refraction, the vibration is encouraged (1887) Byron Higgins, 1777 Sondhauss, 1850 Rijke, 1859 Lord Rayleigh The first successful theory of thermoacoustic Rott, 1969 built the first TAR Wheatley and Swift, 1983 Symko and Abdel-Rahman 2002

  38. TA Devices can use Solar Energy to Produce cooling TA Devices can use waster heat / solar energy to produce electricity Harvesting Energy!!

  39. Solar Energy Driven TA Refrigerator Sunlight Heat Concentrator Prime Mover SOUND TA Refrigerator/ linear Alternator Cooling/ Electrical Power

  40. Solar Energy Driven TARefrigerator / Concentrator

  41. Solar Energy Driven TARefrigerator / Concentrator

  42. Fluctuations Coherent Oscillations Solar Energy Driven TARefrigerator / Prime Mover

  43. Solar Energy Driven TARefrigerator / Refrigerator

  44. Conversion of Waste Heat / Solar Energy into Electricity

  45. Conversion of Waste Heat / Solar Energy into Electricity

  46. Dreams and Reality

  47. Several devices have been developed New designs are under study Achievements

  48. SIZES!!!

  49. Summary Harvesting Waste Heat and Solar Energy Via Thermoacoustic Devices is a promising technology

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