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Computer and Operating Systems

Computer and Operating Systems. Overview. Memory. CPU. Computer Systems. MAR. PC. Instructions. Instruction. IR. MBR. Instruction. IOAR. IOBR. data. data. data. I/O Module. buffers. Processor Registers. User visible registers data registers address registers

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Computer and Operating Systems

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  1. Computer and Operating Systems Overview

  2. Memory CPU Computer Systems .. MAR PC Instructions Instruction IR MBR Instruction IOAR .. IOBR data data data I/O Module buffers

  3. Processor Registers • User visible registers • data registers • address registers • Control and status registers • program counter • instruction register • PSW - program status word

  4. Other processor concepts • Interrupts • Storage protection • Multiprocessing • Multiprogramming • Pipelining • CISC vs RISC • Software vs firmware

  5. Memory concepts • Memory hierarchy • registers • cache • main memory • disk cache • external • Memory banks • Storage interleaving • Virtual storage (swapfiles)

  6. Computer bus • control • address • data • I/O Control module and units • I/O communication techniques • programmed I/O • interrupt-driven I/O • Direct memory access (DMA) • Channels (selectors, multiplexors) Interconnection and I/O

  7. BIOS - the firmware • IOCS - the software • Procedure control (stacks, LIFO) • nested procedures • reentrant procedures Other concepts POP PUSH START bottom m m m l l l k k k j top j j i

  8. Concept • "the programs , implemented in either software or firmware, that make the hardware usable" • "the computer systems resource manager" • "the main User/Computer interface" • Objectives • convenience • efficiency • ability to evolve Operating Systems

  9. program development • program execution • access to system and I/O devices • protection • priority • controlled access to files • protection • sharing • error detection and response • accounting and statistics OS services

  10. Serial processing (1950s) • Simple batch systems (early1960s) • Multiprogrammed systems (mid 1960's) • Multimode timesharing systems (1970s') • Distributed systems (1980s, 1990s) Evolution of OS Use\OS Uniprograming Multiprograming processor 17% 33% memory 30% 67% disk 33% 67% printer 33% 67% throughput 6 jobs/hr 12 jobs/hr

  11. OS Trends • distributed computing • parallel architecture • open systems • communication standards • OS standards • user interface standards • user application standards

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