AVR Microcontrollers

1. AVR Microcontrollers Firsrt Session

2. ????? : ????? ????? ?? www.atmel.com ???? ???? ?????????????? AVR - ???????? ?? - ???? ???? ????? ?? ? .. ?????????????? AVR ? ????????? ???? - ???????? ?? - ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? : CodeVisionAVR Proteus AVR Studio

3. ???? ??? : 5 ???? ????? : 3 ???? ????? : 3 ???? ????? ??? : 10 ????

4. Introduction ATMEL 8 bit Microcontroller Families Tiny 90S (CLASSIC) Mega LCD AVR Execute One Instruction Per Cycle (MIPS)

5. ???????? ????? ??? ?????

6. ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ATMEGA 16 ATMEGA 8 ATTINY 28L ATTINY 28 V ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? flash ?? ???? ?? ???. ???? ??? ???? low power ? very low power ???. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???:

8. PDIP-Package � Mega32

9. TQFP/MLF Package � Mega32

11. Architecture RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer ==> AVR CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer

12. CPU Structures

14. Memory Types Data SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memo) Program Flash

15. Program Memory Flash (for mega32) 32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

16. Data Memories SRAM (for mega32) 2K Byte Internal SRAM- Register file, I/O Register, Data Address. EEPROM (for mega32) 1024 Bytes EEPROM Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

17. Program Counter (PC) Instruction Register (IR) Instruction Decoder (ID)

18. REGISTER FILES

20. X-Y-Z Registers

22. ALU Arithmetic And Logic Unit Arithmetic ADD R1,R2 R1?R1+R2 Logic AND R1,R2 R1?R1 AND R2

23. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???

24. Clock Source

25. Clock Sources

26. PDIP-Package � Mega32

27. External Crystal Oscillator

28. Low Frequency Crystal Oscillator

29. External RC Oscillator

30. Calibrated Internal RC Oscillator

31. External Clock

32. Timer/Counter Oscillator For AVR microcontrollers with Timer/Counter Oscillator pins (TOSC1 and TOSC2), the crystal is connected directly between the pins. No external capacitors are needed. The Oscillator is optimized for use with a 32.768 kHz watch crystal. Applying an external clock source to TOSC1 is not recommended.

33. Clock Distribution

36. AVR Microcontrollers Second Session

37. SRAM Management

38. SRAM Data Memory (mega32)

39. Programming With CodevisionAVR

40. Prototype #include <mega32.h> global definition main() { local variable; statements; } function1() { local variable; Statements; } function2() { local variable; Statements; }

41. Prototype ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? main ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???. #include <mega32.h> global definition main() { local variable; ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? While (1) { ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? } }

42. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? header ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? } ? { ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? // ?? ( /* ? */) ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???

43. Data Type Type Size (Bits) Range bit 1 0 , 1 char 8 -128 to 127 unsigned char 8 0 to 255 signed char 8 -128 to 127 int 16 -32768 to 32767 short int 16 -32768 to 32767 unsigned int 16 0 to 65535 signed int 16 -32768 to 32767 long int 32 -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned long int 32 0 to 4294967295 signed long int 32 -2147483648 to 2147483647 float 32 �1.175e-38 to �3.402e38 double 32 �1.175e-38 to �3.402e38

44. ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? eeprom int temp; flash int temp=10; eeprom char str; float a; int b=30; ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???.

45. Constants flash int x=123; const char y=�a�; #define C 100;

46. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? int str[10]; int i[3]= {2,5,6} ????(string): ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. Char t[5]= �temp�;

47. bit Data type bit x,y; x=1; from R2.0 to R14.7 ? max=104 Set in following menu: Project/Configure/C Compiler/Code Generation/Bit Variable size

48. Operators + - * / % ++ -- = == ~ ! != < > <= >= & && | || ^ ? << >> -= += /= %= &= *= ^= |= >>= <<=

53. Variables [<storage modifier>] <type definition> <identifier>; auto int i; static char x[10]; register int y; The volatile modifier must be used in order to prevent a variable to be allocated to registers and to warn the compiler that it may be subject to outside change during evaluation. volatile int abc;

54. Specifying the SRAM Storage Address for Global Variables int a @0x80; struct x { int a; char c; } alfa @0x90;

55. Structures [<storage modifier>] struct [<structure tag-name>] { [<type> <variable-name>[,<variable-name>, ...]]; [<type> [<bitfield-id>]:<width>[,[<bitfield-id>]:<width>, ...]]; ... } [<structure variables>]; struct ram_structure { char a,b; int c; char d[30],e[10]; char *pp; } sr;

56. Accessing the EEPROM eeprom char beta; int eeprom *ptr_to_eeprom; Pointers to the EEPROM always use 16 bits.

57. Including Assembly Language in Your Program while (i--) { /* Assembly language code sequence */ #asm nop nop #endasm }; }

58. AVR Microcontrollers 3th Session

59. Decision and loops if �else while do-while for Switch - case

68. ????? ? ??? ???? ????? (???? ??? ?????) ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? } ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? {

69. ????:?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? 3 ?????? long int func( int x) { long int s; s=x*x*x; return s; }

70. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????: 1- ??? ?? ???? main 2- ?? ??? ?? ?????? #include<header> Void func(void) { ??????? { Void main() { ??????? {

71. #include<header> Void func(void); Void main(void) { ??????? While(1) { ??????? } } Void func() { ??????? }

73. Libraries math.h stdio.h delay.h Mega16.h And �

74. PORTS

76. Input= 0 Output=1DDRA.0=0; // PA.0 inputDDRA.5=1; // PA.5 outputDDRC=0xff ; // PORTC

77. Output Latch

78. Input register

79. Example-1 ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? B ????? 0x28 ?? ??????. #include <mega32.h> void main(void) { DDRB=0xFF; while (1) { PORTB=0x28; }; }

80. Example-2 ????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???: ??? : 15????? ???: 3????? ????: 15????? ------------------------------------------------------------------- ??? ???? : trafficsignal ????? : ????? ????? : ????? ??? : PORTA.0 ???: PORTA.1 ???? : PORTA.2

81. Example-2 Header file : delay.h void delay_us(unsigned int n); void delay_ms(unsigned int n); ???? : ????? 100 ?????????? ==< delay_us(100) ???? : ????? 5 ????? == < delay_ms(5000)

82. Example-2 #include <mega32.h> #include <delay.h> void traficsignal(void); void main(void) { DDRA=0x07; while (1) { traficsignal(); }; } void traficsignal(void) { PORTA.0=1;PORTA.1=0;PORTA.2=0; delay_ms(15000); PORTA.0=0;PORTA.1=1;PORTA.2=0; delay_ms(3000); PORTA.0=0;PORTA.1=0;PORTA.2=1; delay_ms(15000); }

83. Exercise-1 1- ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ??? : Gdelay ????? ???: Ydelay ????? ????: Rdelay ????? -----------------------------------

84. Exercise-1 #include <mega32.h> void traficsignal(int gdelay,int ydeay,int rdelay); void main(void) { DDRA=0x07; while (1) { traficsignal(x,y,z); }; } void traficsignal(int gdelay, int ydelay, int rdelay) { PORTA.0=1;PORTA.1=0;PORTA.2=0; delay_ms(gdelay); PORTA.0=0;PORTA.1=1;PORTA.2=0; delay_ms(ydelay); PORTA.0=0;PORTA.1=0;PORTA.2=1; delay_ms(rdelay); }

85. Example-3 ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? A ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? B ???? ???. #include <mega32.h> void in_out_port(void); void main(void) { DDRA=0x00; DDRB=0xff; while (1) { in_out_port(); }; } void in_out_port(void) { unsigned char x; x=PINA; PORTB=x; }

86. 7segment

87. Common Anode

88. Common Cathode

89. Example-4 ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? 0 ?? 9 ?? ?? ??? 7segment ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? . #include <mega32.h> #include <delay.h> unsigned char seven_seg_code(unsigned char num); void main(void) { unsigned char i; DDRA=0xff; while (1) { for (i=0;i<10;i++) { PORTA=seven_seg_code(i); delay_ms(1000); } }; }

90. Coding

91. Example-4 unsigned char seven_seg_code(unsigned char num) { unsigned char out; switch(num) { case 0:out=0xc0;break; case 1:out=0xf9;break; case 2:out=0xa4;break; case 3:out=0xb0;break; case 4:out=0x99;break; case 5:out=0x92;break; case 6:out=0x83;break; case 7:out=0xf8;break; case 8:out=0x80;break; case 9:out=0x98;break; } return out; }

92. Exercise 2- ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? 7seg ???? ????? ????? ???? ????. 3- ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? IC ???? BCD ?? 7segment ? 7447 ????? ???? ????. 4- ?? ??????? ?? 7segment ???? ????? ? IC ? 7448 ?? ??????? 0 ?? 9 ?? ????? ????? 1 ????? ??????. 5- ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? B ?????? ? ????? 7seg ????? ???. 6- ?? ??????? 0 ?? 99 ?? ????? ????? 1 ????? ??????

93. Double 7Segment

94. AVR Microcontrollers 4th Session

95. LCD

99. Initialization /* the LCD module is connected to PORTC */ #asm . equ __lcd_port=0x15 #endasm /* now you can include the LCD Functions */ #include <lcd. h> Lcd_init(20);

100. PORT ADDRESS

101. LCD Configuration With CodeWizard

102. lcd.h � High Level unsigned char lcd_init(unsigned char lcd_columns) void lcd_clear(void) void lcd_gotoxy(unsigned char x, unsigned char y) void lcd_putchar(char c) void lcd_puts(char *str) void lcd_putsf(char flash *str)

103. unsigned char lcd_init(unsigned char lcd_columns) Example: lcd_init(16)

104. void lcd_clear(void) ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? void lcd_gotoxy(unsigned char x, unsigned char y) ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? Lcd_gotoxy(4,2)

105. void lcd_putchar(char c) Example : lcd_putchar('a'); void lcd_putsf(char flash *str) lcd_putsf(�Hello World");

106. void lcd_puts(char *str) Example: sprintf(buffer, �tempreture= %d�, temp); lcd_puts(buffer);

107. Example - 7 ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? �a� ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? �CodeVisionAVR� ?? ?? ??? ?? LCD 2x16 ????? ????. #include <mega16.h> #asm .equ __lcd_port=0x1B ;PORTA #endasm #include <lcd.h> #include <delay.h> void main(void) { lcd_init(16); while (1) { lcd_clear(); lcd_gotoxy(5,0); lcd_putchar('a'); lcd_gotoxy(0,1); lcd_putsf("CodeVisionAVR"); delay_ms(200); }; }

108. Example-8 ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? CodeVision ?? ?? ??? LCD ????? ???. #include <mega16.h> // Alphanumeric LCD Module functions #asm .equ __lcd_port=0x1B ;PORTA #endasm #include <lcd.h> #include <delay.h> void main(void) { int i; lcd_init(16); while (1) { for (i=0;i<7;i++) { lcd_clear(); lcd_gotoxy(i,0); lcd_putsf("CodeVision"); delay_ms(400); } }; }

109. PULL UP

110. example5 ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? A ?? pull up ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? led ?? ???? ?????. #include <mega32.h> void main(void) { bit x; DDRA.5=0; PORTA.5=1; DDRA.0=1; PORTA.0=0; SFIOR=0x00; while (1) { x=PINA.5; if (x==0) PORTA.0=1; else PORTA.0=0; }; }

111. Keypad

116. Initialization void initial_keypad_port() { SFIOR=SFIOR&0xFB; }

117. unsigned char key, butnum; int s; unsigned char keytbl[16]={0xee, 0xed, 0xeb, 0xe7, 0xde, 0xdd, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0xbe, 0xbd, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0x7e, 0x7d, 0x7b, 0x77}; DDRC = 0x0f; PORTC = 0xf0; delay_us(5); key = PINC; DDRC = 0xf0; PORTC = 0x0f; delay_us(5); key = key | PINC;

118. if (key != 0xff) { for (butnum=0; butnum<16; butnum++) { if (keytbl[butnum]==key) break; }

119. Key Press int key_press() { if ( (PINA & 0xF0)!=0xF0 ) { delay_ms(T_DEB); // repeat if ( (PINA & 0xF0)!=0xF0 ) return 1; // key press else return 0; // parasite } else return 0; }

120. Find Key int find_key() { int code, key; // pressed key is in ROW_1 PORTA=0b11111110; delay_ms(50); if ((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0) goto find; // pressed key is in ROW_2 PORTA=0b11111101; delay_ms(50); if ((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0) goto find; // pressed key is in ROW_3 PORTA=0b11111011; delay_ms(50); if ((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0) goto find; // pressed key is in ROW_4 PORTA=0b11110111; delay_ms(50); if ((PINA&0xf0)!=0xf0) goto find;

121. Find Key // create code find: code = ( PINA & 0xF0 ) | ( PORTA & 0x0F ); // COLUMNS value Link With ROWS value switch(code) { case 0xEE : key = R1_C1; break; case 0xDE : key = R1_C2; break; case 0xBE : key = R1_C3; break; case 0x7E : key = R1_C4; break; case 0xED : key = R2_C1; break; case 0xDD : key = R2_C2; break; case 0xBD : key = R2_C3; break; case 0x7D : key = R2_C4; break; case 0xEB : key = R3_C1; break; case 0xDB : key = R3_C2; break; case 0xBB : key = R3_C3; break; case 0x7B : key = R3_C4; break; case 0xE7 : key = R4_C1; break; case 0xD7 : key = R4_C2; break; case 0xB7 : key = R4_C3; break; case 0x77 : key = R4_C4; break; default : key = NO_PRS; break; }; PORTA=0xF0; return key; }

122. Key Release void wait_release() { while ((PINA & 0xF0)!=0xF0); delay_ms (T_DEB); // release debounce pass after 20ms }

123. Read Keypad int read_keypad() { int key; initial_keypad_port(); while ( key_press()== 0); key = find_key(); wait_release(); return key; }

124. ?Example-9 ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? keypad ?????? ????? 7seg????? ???.

125. #include<mega16.h> #include<delay.h> int key(); display(int x); int a; main() { DDRB=0xff; a=key(); display(a); }

126. int key() { unsigned char key, butnum; int s; unsigned char keytbl[16]={0xee, 0xed, 0xeb, 0xe7, 0xde, 0xdd, 0xdb, 0xd7, 0xbe, 0xbd, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0x7e, 0x7d, 0x7b, 0x77}; DDRC = 0x0f; PORTC = 0xf0; delay_us(5); key = PINC; DDRC = 0xf0; PORTC = 0x0f; delay_us(5); key = key | PINC; if (key != 0xff) { for (butnum=0; butnum<16; butnum++) { if (keytbl[butnum]==key) break; } s=butnum; } else s=17; return s; }

127. display(int x) { char str[16]= {0x3F,0x06,0x5B,0x4F,0x66,0x6D,0x7D, 0x07,0x7F,0x6F,0x77,0x7C,0x39,0x5E,0x79,0x71}; PORTB=str[x]; }

128. ????? ???LCD ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??

129. Programmer STK 200/300