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Sustainable Energy Options:

Sustainable Energy Options:. Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels. Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007. Norway. USA. Russia. France. UK. China. Brazil. India. $0.38/kWh (primary). Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth. EIA Data 2002.

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Sustainable Energy Options:

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  1. Sustainable Energy Options: Maintaining access to abundant fossil fuels Klaus S. Lackner Columbia University November 2007

  2. Norway USA Russia France UK China Brazil India $0.38/kWh (primary) Energy, Wealth, Economic Growth EIA Data 2002

  3. IPCC Model Simulations of CO2 Emissions

  4. Closing the Gap Plus Population Growth 1% energy intensity reduction Constant per capita growth 1.5% energy intensity reduction 2.0% energy intensity reduction

  5. Lifting Cost Carbon as a Low-Cost Source of Energy US1990$ per barrel of oil equivalent Cumulative Carbon Consumption as of1997 Cumulative Gt of Carbon Consumed H.H. Rogner, 1997

  6. Fossil fuels are fungible Coal Carbon Heat Diesel Shale Refining Electricity Jet Fuel Synthesis Gas Tar Ethanol Oil Methanol Natural Gas DME Hydrogen

  7. The Challenge: Holding the Stock of CO2 constant Extension of Historic Growth Rates Constant emissions at 2010 rate 560 ppm 33% of 2010 rate 10% of 2010 rate 0% of 2010 rate 280 ppm

  8. Comparison With Keeling’s Data

  9. The Challenge: Holding the Stock of CO2 constant Extension of Historic Growth Rates Constant emissions at 2010 rate 560 ppm 33% of 2010 rate 10% of 2010 rate 0% of 2010 rate 280 ppm

  10. Methane Hydrates 10,000 - 100,000 GtC World Fossil Resource Estimate 8000 GtC 5 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 times current rate of emission???? 21st century emissions 4 3 2 1 The Mismatch in Carbon Sources and Sinks 1800 - 2000 Fossil Carbon Consumption to date 50% increase in biomass 180ppm increase in the air 30% of the Ocean acidified 30% increase in Soil Carbon

  11. Solar Cost reduction and mass-manufacture Nuclear Cost, waste, safety and security Fossil Energy Zero emission, carbon storage and interconvertibility A Triad of Large Scale Options Markets will drive efficiency, conservation and alternative energy

  12. Hydro-electricity Cheap but limited Biomass Sun and land limited, severe competition with food Wind Stopping the air over Colorado every day? Geothermal Geographically limited Tides, Waves & Ocean Currents Less than human energy generation Small Energy Resources

  13. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 from distributed emissions CO2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Capture from air Permanent & safe disposal Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

  14. Dividing The Fossil Carbon Pie 900 Gt C total Past 10yr 550 ppm

  15. Removing the Carbon Constraint 5000 Gt C total Past

  16. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 from distributed emissions CO2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Capture from air Permanent & safe disposal Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

  17. Slow Leak (0.04%/yr) 2 Gt/yr for 2500 years Storage 5000 Gt of C 200 years at 4 times current rates of emission Current Emissions: 7Gt/year Storage Life Time

  18. Underground Injection statoil

  19. Gravitational TrappingSubocean Floor Disposal

  20. Energy States of Carbon The ground state of carbon is a mineral carbonate Carbon 400 kJ/mole Carbon Dioxide 60...180 kJ/mole Carbonate

  21. Rockville Quarry Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2(g)  3MgCO3 + 2SiO2 +2H2O(l) +63kJ/mol CO2

  22. Bedrock geology GIS datasets – All U.S. (Surface area) 920 km2 8733 km2 Total = 9820 ±100 km2 166 km2

  23. Belvidere Mountain, Vermont Serpentine Tailings

  24. Oman Peridotite

  25. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 from distributed emissions CO2 from concentrated sources Capture from power plants, cement, steel, refineries, etc. Capture from air Permanent & safe disposal Geological Storage Mineral carbonate disposal

  26. Flue gas scrubbing MEA, chilled ammonia Oxyfuel Combustion Naturally zero emission Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Difficult as zero emission AZEP Cycles Mixed Oxide Membranes Fuel Cell Cycles Solid Oxide Membranes Many Different Options

  27. CO2 N2 H2O SOx, NOx and other Pollutants Zero Emission Principle Air Power Plant Carbon Solid Waste

  28. Steam Reforming

  29. Boudouard Reaction

  30. C + O2 CO2 no change in mole volume entropy stays constant G = H 2H2 + O2  2H2O large reduction in mole volume entropy decreases in reactants made up by heat transfer to surroundings G < H Carbon makes a better fuel cell

  31. Proposed Membrane CO2 CO2 Phase I: Solid Oxide CO2 CO2 CO2 O2- O2- O2- O2- PCO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO32- CO32- CO32- CO32- CO2 CO2 CO2 Phase II: Molten Carbonate Multi-Phase Equilibrium CO2 + O2- =CO32-

  32. Net Zero Carbon Economy CO2 extraction from air CO2 from concentrated sources Permanent & safe disposal

  33. Air CO2 CO2 Capture from Air 1 m3of Air 40 moles of gas, 1.16 kg wind speed 6 m/s 0.015 moles of CO2 produced by 10,000 J of gasoline Volumes are drawn to scale

  34. How much wind?(6m/sec) Wind area that carries 10 kW 0.2 m 2 for CO2 80 m 2 for Wind Energy Wind area that carries 22 tons of CO2 per year 50 cents/ton of CO2 for contacting

  35. Air Flow CO2 diffusion Ca(OH)2 as an absorbent Ca(OH)2 solution CaCO3 precipitate CO2 mass transfer is limited by diffusion in air boundary layer

  36. Sorbent Choices 350K 300K Air Power plant

  37. 60m by 50m 3kg of CO2 per second 90,000 tons per year 4,000 people or 15,000 cars Would feed EOR for 800 barrels a day. 250,000 units for worldwide CO2 emissions

  38. The first of a kind

  39. CO2 CO2 H2 H2 CH2 Materially Closed Energy Cycles O2 O2 Energy Source Energy Consumer H2O H2O

  40. O Oxygen Oxidizer Free O2 CO2 H2O Combustion products Increasing Oxidation State Free C- H CO Town Gas Methanol Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Fuels Biomass Ethanol Coal Petroleum Natural Gas H C Carbon Benzene Methane Hydrogen Gasoline Increasing Hydrogen Content

  41. O Oxygen Oxidizer Free O2 CO2 H2O Combustion products Increasing Oxidation State Free C- H CO Town Gas Methanol Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Fuels Biomass Ethanol Coal Petroleum Natural Gas H C Carbon Benzene Methane Hydrogen Gasoline Increasing Hydrogen Content

  42. O Oxygen Oxidizer Free O2 CO2 H2O Combustion products Increasing Oxidation State Free C- H CO Town Gas Methanol Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Gas Fuels Biomass Ethanol Coal Petroleum Natural Gas H C Carbon Benzene Methane Hydrogen Gasoline Increasing Hydrogen Content

  43. Private Sector Carbon Extraction Farming, Manufacturing, Service, etc. Carbon Sequestration Certified Carbon Accounting Public Institutions and Government guidance Carbon Board certification Permits & Credits certificates

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