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The Awl Bidness

The Awl Bidness. Larry W. Lake Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering The University of Texas. Upstream. Downstream. The Oil Business. Larry W. Lake Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering The University of Texas. Exploration Production Refining Transportation Marketing. A Brief Quiz….

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The Awl Bidness

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  1. The Awl Bidness Larry W. LakePetroleum and Geosystems EngineeringThe University of Texas

  2. Upstream Downstream The Oil Business Larry W. LakePetroleum and Geosystems EngineeringThe University of Texas • Exploration • Production • Refining • Transportation • Marketing

  3. A Brief Quiz… 1. What is the usual unit for a quantity of crude oil? 2. What is the usual unit for a quantity of natural gas? 3. How much crude oil goes into making gasoline? 4. How much of your gasoline bill pays for the crude oil?

  4. A Brief Quiz (cont.)… 5. When was oil first discovered in commercial quantities? 6. Name a transportation fuel that is not hydrocarbon based. 7. What is the largest reservoir in the U.S.? In the world? 8. When will we run out of oil?

  5. Gas cap Seal or trap Oil column Water column or aquifer Source rock Exploration…

  6. Seismic

  7. Onshore Seismic…

  8. Offshore Seismic…

  9. Offshore Receiver Spreads…

  10. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 DrivingForce Productivity Index, PI Production…

  11. 4pkhkro qo= (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Oil Rate - make as large as possible Goal of everything we do Production…

  12. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln +2s mo gCArw2 Constants - Live with them Production…

  13. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Natural logarithm - makes a large number small For example, ln(1000) = 6.9 Natural logarithm Production…

  14. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Permeability - basic property of rocks Production… • Make large • God provides or doesn't • Fracturing

  15. 4pkhkro qo = (P –Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Well pressure Production… • Make small • Lift with gas • Pump (reduce fluid level)

  16. qo = (P– Pwf) 4pkhkro [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Average reservoir pressure Production… • Make large • Reinject produced gas • Inject water (waterflood)

  17. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Penetrated thickness Production… • Make large • God provides, etc. • Reperforating • Horizontal wells

  18. Horizontal Wells….

  19. Aggie Drilling Engineer From A.D. Hill

  20. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Oil relative permeability Production… • Make large • Large oil content • Inject chemicals, CO2

  21. Schematic of solvent flood Fig. 7-1 Drawing by Joe Lindley, U.S. Department of Energy, Bartlesville, OK

  22. Polymer Additives Surfactant Co-surfactant Co-solvent Polymer Oil (sometimes) Usually 0.1 PV Gradual change to water Low salinity Low calcium Usually 0.5 PV Typical Micellar-Polymer Flood... Fig. 9-1

  23. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Oil viscosity Production… • Make small • Inject heat (steam) • Burn a little oil

  24. Steam soak Steam Shut in Oil + Water ColdOil Steam ColdOil Coldoil HotWater ColdOil Coldoil HotWater ColdOil Inject (2-30 days) Soak (5-30 days) Produce (1-6 months) Driving the Oil...Steam Drive Steam Oil + Water Steam Water Cold Oil Process variations…

  25. Using horizontal wells (SAGD) Burning the Oil More variations...

  26. Naphtha • Jet • Diesel • Nat. Gas • Hydrogen • Chem. Feed • Heat Producer Heater Heater ¢ Overburden Perspective View High Temperature Causes Long, Horizontal Fractures In-Situ Conversion Process (ICP) • What is it? • Enhancement of natural maturation • of kerogen by slow heating • Results in: • thermal cracking • in-situ hydrogenation • high sweep vapor phase production • high API oil • N,S,O content vary with resource • Average temperature limited to boiling • point of diesel, i.e. essentially no bottoms • How is it done? • Electric resistance or, potentially, gas heaters • Underground conductive heat transport • Current target resources: • Oil Shale • Heavy Oil / Tar Sands • Coal High Value Products Light Processing

  27. Freezewall Test Football field sized test on 10 acres near existing research Test robustness of freezewall barrier Active construction/production from late ’05 – early ’07 Reclamation 2010 Next Research Phase2 Step Process (at least) to Commercial

  28. Ice Wall on Surface

  29. 4pkhkro qo = (P – Pwf) [ ] 4A ( ) ln + 2s mo gCArw2 Well damage (skin factor) Production… • Make small • Fracture well • Inject acid

  30. Results of Quiz… 1. What is the usual unit for a quantity of crude oil? • 1 barrel = 1 bbl = 42 U.S. gallons • 1+6 zeros = 1 MMbbl • 1+9 zeros = 1 Bbbl • 1 metric ton = 7.5 barrels • Giant field: 100 MMbbl = 0.1 Bbbl

  31. Results of Quiz… 2. What is the usual unit for a quantity of natural gas? • 1000 standard cubic feet = 1 MCF • 1 MCF+6 zeros = 1 BCF • 1 MCF+9 zeros = 1 TCF • Roughly: 6 MCF gas = 1 Bbl crude

  32. Cost of gas= 0.405 $/Ccf

  33. Work Achieved Transportation Waste = 83 % Petroleum 39 % Non-Fuel Work Achieved Industrial Waste = 20 % Natural Gas 23 % Residential/ Commercial Work Achieved Waste = 25 % Coal 23 % Work Achieved Electricity Generation & Transmission Nuclear Waste = 68 % 15 % Hydro Other Results of Quiz… 3. How much crude oil goes into making gasoline? • Crude oil = transportation Source: LLNL/DOE

  34. Results of the Quiz… • How much of your gasoline bill pays for the crude oil? (American Petroleum Institute, Sept. 2008)

  35. Texas Results of Quiz… 5. When was oil first discovered in commercial quantities? • Drake’s Folly … 1859 • Corsicana … 1894 • Spindletop … 1901 • Big Lake (Permian) … 1923 • East Texas … 1928

  36. Results of Quiz… 6. Name a transportation fuel that is not hydrocarbon based. • Wind • Solar • Hydrogen (fuel cells) • Coal • Muscles

  37. Results of Quiz… 7. What is the largest reservoir in the U.S.? Prudhoe Bay, Alaska – 20+ Bbbls in place In the world? Ghawar, Saudi Arabia – 300+ Bbbls

  38. 2005 2037 70 2047 USGS Est. of Ultimate Rec 60 2% Growth Probability UR B-Bbls 2037 Low (95%) 2,248 50 Mean (Expected Value) 3,003 2026 High (5%) 3,896 Decline R/P = 10 40 Billion Barrels per Year 30 2005 EIA- DOE Estimates, 1900--2125 History Mean 20 Low (95%) High (5%) Campbell-Laherrere World Oil Production Estimates, 1930-2050 10 0 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100 2125 Results of Quiz… 8. When will we run out of oil?

  39. Undulating Plateau vs. Peak Oil U.S. Production, Hubbert vs. Actual When will we run out of oil? From Jackson (JPT, 2007)

  40. Major Points… • Hydrocarbons found in porous rocks • Crude oil = transportation • Crude oil is about 70% of gasoline price • Hydrocarbons essential to current way of life • World has a 30+ year supply; delivery rate a question

  41. Hydrocarbons and Prosperity…

  42. For More Information… • U.S. Energy Information Administration • American Petroleum Institute • International Energy Agency • California Division of Oil and Gas • Early Texas Oil (Rundell) • www.factsonfuel.org/gasoline • Larry_Lake@mail.utexas.edu

  43. Process Typical Typical Agent Recovery (%) Utilization Polymer 5 1/3-1/2 lb polymer/ bbl oil produced Micellar/ 15 15-25 lb surfactantpolymer bbl oil produced Alkaline/ 5 35-45 lb chemicalpolymer bbl oil produced Chemical EOR Processes...

  44. 700 Natural Gas 600 Petroleum 500 Coal 400 300 200 100 0 Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric Generation US CO2 Emissions by Sector and Fuels 2000 Millions of metric tons per year carbon equivalent Source: U.S. EPA Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, April 2002

  45. Solvent EOR Processes...

  46. Results of Quiz… 4. How much of your gasoline bill pays for the crude oil? 1$ change in crude price causes 2.5¢ change in gasoline price www.factsonfuel.org/gasoline

  47. Thermal Recovery Processes...

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