Classification of Organisms

1. Classification of Organisms Almost all you need to know about how living things are grouped Click to Start

2. Instructions • A range of buttons are provided to help you navigate through this presentation Home – back to the menu Return – back to the last slide you viewed Down – to the next level of classification for that group Button – more information about the group

3. Menu • Instructions Learn about the Classification System Look at some groups of living things Quiz Did you know? • Quit

4. The Classification System Taxonomy or ‘How living things are grouped’. • Levels of classification • Binomial nomenclature • The language of taxonomy • What’s in a name

5. The language of taxonomy The words need to be reliable over time and not change their meanings, unlike words in common language. Latin is a dead language (not spoken by people in their normal lives). Therefore words in Latin do not change their meaning. Common words are often latinized by adding bits like ‘a’, ‘ii’ ‘us’ and ‘ae’ to them. 1. The names are Latinised You will notice that most of the words used in naming living things seem to be long and complicated. There are several reasons for this. 2. The names describe the organisms FlaxScientific species name:Phormium tenax, (swamp flax) Phormium cookianum (mountain flax)Phormium means "basket or wickerwork" -referring to the use made of the leaf; tenax means "holding fast" referring to the strong fibres ; cookianum named after Captain Cook 3. The words give information about the level of classification Orders of insects often end in ‘ptera’ e.g. Order Diptera Phyla and classes often end in ‘a’ e.g. Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta 4. The words often have a technical and a more common form Reptiles belong to the Class Reptilia

6. The names are often based on Greek and Latin words. What’s in a name • The biological names of organisms (or groups of organisms often tell us something about them. Raptor = thief and veloci= fast The velociraptor was a fast running scavenger that stole food from other meat eating dinosaurs or where they are found Loxodonta africana is the African elephants or who found or named them or they were named after. Where do you thinkThinornis novaeseelandiae lives? The little spotted kiwi,Apteryx owenii is named after somebody named Owen

7. Levels of classificationThe 7 main levels • Kingdom – 4 large groups that contain all living things. • Phylum – there are about 21 animal phyla. • Class – each phylum is divided into classes • Order – smaller groups within each class • Family – groups of related genera • Genus – a small group of very similar organisms • Species – a single type or organism • Kings. • Play • Cricket • On • Flat • Green • Surfaces How can I remember these?

8. Taxonomy The Fish and the Dolphin are only distantly related even thought they both live in the water. • Taxonomy is the science of grouping or classifying living organism (a group of organisms is a taxon) The bat and the dolphin are closely related because they are both mammals. The goose is not as closely related to the bat even though it can fly. Organisms are classified according to their structural characteristics e.g. shapes, structures and chemicals they are made of. NOT by where they live, what they eat or how they behave or move

9. Binomial Nomenclature‘two names for everything’ This Carolus Linnaeus who designed the binomial system Binomial = 2 words together • All organisms have two parts to their biological name; Genusspecies Usually italics, underlines or bold Capital letter Small letter For example; The domestic dog is……. Canis familiaris The wolf is ………………. Canis lupus Canis is the genus and means dog lupus means wolf so the wolfs name means ‘wolf dog’ or ‘dog wolf’ What do you think Canis familiaris means?

10. Kingdoms

11. Animals invertebrates

12. Coelenterates

13. About Phylum Porifera (Sponges) • Multicellular (loosely aggregated cells) • No true tissues (totipotent cells = have potential to become any other cell type) • Pores, holes and channels • Mostly marine • Internal support with spicules (of calcium carbonate, silica, spongin)

14. Arthropods

15. Insects more

16. More Insects

17. Molluscs

18. Plants

19. About Algae • Primitive plants • No true roots, only attachment structures (holdfasts) • internal transport system only in exceptions • produce spores– motile or non-motile • Most have sexual and asexual reproduction More about algae…

20. Types of algae Algae in damp soil Seaweeds Single celled (unicellular) that often swim) Microscopic phytoplankton Filamentous algae

21. Algae

22. Primates

23. The ChimpanzeePan troglodytes • Kingdom : Anamalia • Phylum : Chordata • Sub Phylum: Vertebrata • Class : Mammalia • Order : Primates • Family : Homonidae • Genus : Pan • Species : troglodytes

24. HumansHomo sapiens • Kingdom : Anamalia • Phylum : Chordata • Sub Phylum: Vertebrata • Class : Mammalia • Order : Primates • Family : Homonidae • Genus : Homo • Species : sapiens

25. Order Carnivora

26. The TigerFelis tigris • Kingdom : Anamalia • Phylum : Chordata • Sub Phylum: Vertebrata • Class : Mammalia • Order : Carnivora • Family : Felidae • Genus : Felis • Species - tigris

27. Vertebrates

28. Marsupial Mammals • The marsupial mammals are warm blooded, have fur and feed their young on milk like the placental mammals…. Koala but… they give birth to very poorly developed young which are kept in a pouch while they grow and develop. wombat The placental mammals keep their young in a uterus, fed by a placenta until they are more developed before they are born.

29. This group includes the Platypus and the Echidna (spiny anteater). Monotremes • A monotreme is a rare sort of mammal found in Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea.  The reason they are so rare is that they lay eggs! Monotremes produce milk but do not have nipples Echidna's have spines and VERY long, sticky tongues that they use to catch termites and ants.  Echidna's are also 30 – 60 cm long. The platypus is a semi-aquatic creature with webbed feet, a bill (sort of like a duck), waterproof fur and a flat tail (like a beaver).  They are 30 – 60cm long.  Some of their bones are a lot like a reptile's and it lays eggs like a reptile.  But it's still considered a mammal.  It eats insect larvae, shrimp, frogs and fish eggs.

30. Class Aves – The Birds Click here to see a complete classification of New Zealand birds.

31. The Birds 2

32. The Birds 3

33. Mammals More

34. More Mammals

35. Order Cetacea Click here to see a complete classification list of Order Cetacea.

36. Odontoceti and Mysticeti • The Mysticeti have plates of baleen attached to their upper jaw with which they sieve the water for small food • The Odontoceti have teeth (‘dont’=teeth) and included the dolphins and some whales.

37. About Fungi • Contains those eukaryotes with relatively simple tissue organisation, a chitonous cell wall • This group included yeast, molds, mildews and mushrooms. • Heterotrophic – mainly saprophytes or parasites • heterotrophic = depend on other organisms for organic compounds (food) More…

38. More About Fungi • They do not make their own food as green plants do, but frequently live off of other living things which makes them parasites or symbiotic. Parasites are organisms that live off another living thing and do not help them in return. In symbiosis, two organisms live off of one another and help one another as they live off of one another. • Fungi also do not have the true roots, stems and leaf structures of many plants or structures that resemble these. • Fungi are found many places. They take in or absorb their nutrition through mycelium, a structure that is important in this process. • Fungi reproduce sexually or asexually by spores or in the case of yeast by budding or by fission. In budding, an organism grows a part of its main body and this new growth eventually breaks off to become a new organism. In fission, an organism literally splits in half, sharing important nucleic information to form a new organism.

39. About Animals • All the higher organisms (eukaryotes) which do not have cell walls, and which are heterotrophic. heterotrophic = depend on other organisms for organic compounds (food)

40. About Plants • Higher organisms (eukaryotes) usually with cellulose containing cell walls and mostly autotrophic (mainly phototrophic). Autotrophic = independent of external sources organic compounds (food) Phototrophic = obtain organic compounds (food) using light energy (photosynthesis) Note: There are several ways of grouping plants, most of which are currently in use. Some of these methods differ slightly from the system used for animals.

41. About Monera • All simple organisms (prokaryotes) including bacteria

42. Artiodactyls

43. About Artiodactyls • The Order Artiodactyla contains the even toes ungulates. Most of these have two toes (‘cloven hoofs’) but some, such as hippopotami, have four toes. • Ungulates – a general term meaning hoofed animals that often run in herds and are adapted for grazing. This includes the Artiodactyls and the Perissodactyls.

44. About Perissodactyls • The Order Perissodactyla contains the un-even toed ungulates. • Ungulates – a general term meaning hoofed animals that often run in herds and are adapted for grazing. This includes the Artiodactyls and the Perissodactyls.

45. The Cervidae (Deer Family)in New Zealand • Sika deer – Cervus nippon • Red deer – Cervus elaphus • Rusa deer – Cervus timorensis • Sambar deer – Cervus unicolor • White-tailed deer – Odocoileus virginianus • Fallow deer – Dama dama Which 4 species are closely related?

46. About Algae • Algae lack leaves, roots, flowers, and other organ structures that characterise higher plants. They are usually found in damp places or bodies of water and are common in terrestrial as well as aquatic environments. • Terrestrial algae are usually rather inconspicuous but are far more common in moist, tropical regions because algae lack vascular tissues and other adaptations to live on land. • Seaweeds are algae which grow in shallow marine waters.

47. About Gymnosperms (Conifers) • Conifer seeds develop inside a protective cone or similar structure. The cones take from four months to three years to reach maturity, and vary in size from 2 to 600 mm long. • The conifers are an ancient group, with a fossil record extending back about 300 million years. • They are found all over the world but are particularly suited to colder climates and higher altitudes.

48. About Ferns • Ferns are a large group of plants. There are several thousand types of ferns and they are found throughout the world. They are mostly found in tropical rain forests. • Ferns do not have true leaves as many plants do, but structures called fronds. These fronds are split down into leaflets called pinnae. These fronds are green and the fern gets its food via photosynthesis. • Ferns reproduce by spores in an alternating generations. The fern itself is the sporophyte, which produces asexual spores. The spores are held in special sacs scattered on the bottom part of fronds. These sacs look like specks of dirt.

49. About Angiosperms • Angiosperms are flowering plants. Angiosperms are the biggest group in the plant kingdom. They have true roots, stems, leaves and flowers. They also have seeds. The seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary. The ovary is within a flower. The flower contains the male and/or female parts of the plant. Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries. • Angiosperms are more highly evolved that the algae, mosses, fungi and ferns. Their advanced structures allow angiosperms to thrive on land. They have : • roots that hold the plant in place and take in needed minerals and water. • leaves that are the major food makes for the plant. • stems that hold the plants up and move the nutrients and water about the plant.

50. Did you know?Click to find out.