Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies

1. Chapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies

2. Separatists vs. Puritans

3. Puritanism • Calvinism – Institutes of the Christian Religion • Predestination. • Good works could not save those predestined for hell. • No one could be sure of their spiritual status. • Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion” • Puritans • Want to totally reform (purify) the Church of England • Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation in England

4. Separatists • Separatist beliefs • Only “visible saints” should be allowed church membership • Because the Church of England enrolled all the King’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned” • Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.

5. The Mayflower • 1620 – a group of 102 people (half separatists) • Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction • Non-Separatists included Miles Standish • Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the Virginia Company • Became squatters without legal right to land and specific authority to establish a government

6. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

7. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620 • Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship • Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude government and submit to majority rule • Signed by 41 adult males • Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings

8. What was on the menu that first Thanksgiving?

9. That First Year… • Winter of 1620-1621 • Only 44 of the original 102 survived • None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back • Fall of 1621 – First Thanksgiving • Colony survived with fur, especially beaver, fish, and lumber • Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant. • 1691 – only 7,000 people • Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony

10. William Bradford • Self-taught scholar • Chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in annual elections • Worried about settlements of non-Puritans springing up nearby and corrupting Puritan society

11. A Model of Christian Charity • Well-off attorney and manor lord in England • 1st governor of MA • Winthrop admonished the future MA Bay colonists that their new community would be watched by the world • Used in modern America by JFK and Reagan as a parallel to democracy John Winthrop

12. Colonizing New England

13. First Seal of MA Bay

14. The MA Bay Colony • 1629: non-Separatists got a royal charter to establish the MA Bay Co. • Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England • They didn’t want to leave the church, just its “impurities” • 1630: 1000 people set off in 11 well stocked ships • Established a colony with Boston as its hub • “Great Migration” of the 1630s • Turmoil in England, leading to the English Civil War, sent 70,000 Puritans to America

15. Land Division in Rowley, MA

16. Characteristics of New England Settlements • Low mortality – average life expectancy was 70 years • Many extended families • Average 6 children per family • Average age at marriage: • Women – 22 years old • Men – 27 years old

17. Patriarchy • Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household • Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

18. Puritan “Rebels” • Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman. • Threatened patriarchal control. • Antinomialism [direct revelation] • Means “against the law.” • Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination. • Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. • Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man. AnneHutchinson

19. Anne Hutchinson’s Trial • 1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders for days. • Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God. • Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY?? • Puritan leaders banished her  she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. • She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County. • John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

20. Puritan “Rebels” • Young, popular minister in Salem • Argued for a full break with the Anglican church • Condemned MA Bay Charter • Did not give fair compensation to the Indians • Denied authority of civil gov’t. to regulate religious behavior • 1635 – found guilty of teaching “newe and dangerous opinions” and was exiled Roger Williams

21. Rhode Island • 1636  Roger Williams fled there. • MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony. • Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI • Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. • Opposed to special privilege of any kind  freedom of opportunity for all. • RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  More liberal than any other colony!

22. New England Spreads Out

23. New England Colonies, 1650

24. Puritans vs. Native Americans • Indians especially weak in New England  epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native population • Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlers. • Cooperation between the two helped by Squanto. • 1621  Chief Massasoit signedtreaty with the settlers. • Autumn, 1621  both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.

25. The First Thanksgiving? In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday.

26. The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637 • Pequots  verypowerful tribein CT river valley. • 1637  PequotWar • Whites, withNarragansettIndian allies,attacked Pequotvillage on Mystic River. • Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors! • Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.

27. A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

28. King Philip’s War (1675-1676} • Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE. • Metacom [King Philip to white settlers] • Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England. • Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

29. King Philip’s War (1675-1676} • The war ended in failure for the Indians • Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered. • His son and wife sold into slavery. • Never a serious threat in New England again!!

30. Population of the New England Colonies

31. Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake

32. New York

33. New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony • Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!] • 1664  English soldiers arrived. • Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. • Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. • Renamed “New York” • England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies. • England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

34. Pennsylvania

35. The Quakers • Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. • They offended religious & secular leaders in England. • Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. • They met without paid clergy • Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference. • Keep hats on. • Addressed them as commoners  ”thees”/“thous.” • Wouldn’t take oaths. • Pacifists.

36. William Penn • Aristocratic Englishman. • 1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith. • Embraced Quakerismafter military service. • 1681  he received agrant from king toestablish a colony. • This settled a debt the king owed his father. • Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”]. • He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers  his pamphlets were pretty honest. • Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

37. Royal Land Grant to Penn

38. Pennsylvanian Society • Attracted many different people • Religious misfits from other colonies. • Many different ethnic groups. • No provision for military defense. • No restrictions on immigration. • No slavery!! • “Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws]  against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc. A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

39. New Jersey

40. New Jersey – PA’s neighbor • 1664  aristocratic proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York. • Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ. • 1674  West NJ sold to Quakers. • East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers. • 1702  E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

41. Delaware

42. Delaware – PA’s neighbor Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610]. Closely associated with Penn’s colony. 1703  granted its own assembly. Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.