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Study Guide Questions

This study guide explores the goals and processes of reproduction, focusing on the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. It explains the significance of chromosome numbers in cells, detailing the diploid and haploid states, and how meiosis facilitates the production of gametes. The guide discusses various asexual reproduction methods, including binary fission, budding, and fragmentation, as well as the importance of genetic diversity achieved through sexual reproduction and meiosis. Ideal for students seeking to deepen their understanding of biological reproduction.

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Study Guide Questions

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Study Guide Questions • What is the goal of reproduction? • How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction? • What must happen to the number of chromosomes in a cell in order to accomplish sexual reproduction?

  2. Cell Division and Reproduction 12.1-12.3 Meiosis Reproduction

  3. 12.1 Asexual Reproduction • Requires one parent • Each offspring is genetically identical to parent • “clone” • Prokaryotes – Binary Fission

  4. 12.1 Asexual Reproduction • Hydra – Budding • Planaria – Fragmentation

  5. 12.1 Asexual Reproduction • Plants – Vegetative Reproduction • Strawberries, grass, potatoes, Aspen trees

  6. 12.2 Chromosome Numbers • # of chromosomes varies • Humans & Black Mollie = 46 • Turkeys = 82 • Redwood trees = 22 • 2 sets of similar chromosomes • 1 set from each parent • Cells with 2 sets = diploid (2n) = somatic (body) cells • Cells with 1 set = haploid (1n or n) = gametes • Sperm – testis (spermatogenesis) • Egg – ovary (oogenesis)

  7. 12.2 Chromosome Numbers • Diploid organisms • One set from mom, one set from dad • Each chromosome pair are “homologous” • Similar structure, same genes in same places • Genes may have slightly different DNA sequences • Does not include sex chromosomes

  8. 12.2 Chromosome Number • Sexual reproduction = cell + cell • Somatic cell + Somatic cell • 2n + 2n = 4n (tetraploid) • Gamete cell + Gamete cell • 1n + 1n = 2n (diploid) • In order for sexual reproduction to occur, there must be a reduction of the chromosome number in sex cells

  9. 12.2 Chromosome Numbers • Meiosis – “reduction division” • 2n somatic cell  1n sex cells (gametes) • Fertilization • Two 1n sex cells  2n somatic cell • Fungi and Simple plants • Meiosis produces spores which develop into haploid organisms • Parthenogenesis • Unfertilized animal egg creates offspring

  10. Cloning(Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)

  11. SCNT (Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer)

  12. ICSI (Intracytoplasmicspermatocyte injection)

  13. Intracytoplasmicspermatocyte injection

  14. Study Guide Questions • What does it mean for a cell to be diploid? • In Meiosis one 2n cell becomes four 1n cells. How is this possible?

  15. 12.3 Meiosis – Gamete Production • Different from Mitosis • DNA Replicates (just like normal) • Cells divide twice • Maternal and paternal chromosomes are mixed up and separated • “Independent assortment” provides genetic variety • Homologous chromosomes pair during first division – “tetrad” • “Crossing-over” provides genetic variety

  16. 12.3 Meiosis – Gamete Production • Spermatogenesis

  17. 12.3 Meiosis – Gamete Production • Oogenesis

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