Unit IV Study Guide Questions

1. Unit IV Study Guide Questions Food and Agriculture, Toxicology, and Microbiology

2. Question 1 • Define health. • Health - A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

3. Question 2 2. Define disease. • Disease - A deleterious change in the body’s condition in response to an environmental factor.

4. Question 3 3. What are three disease factors? Diet and nutrition, infectious agents, toxic chemicals, physical factors, and psychological stress all contribute to disease.

5. Question 4 • Define emergent disease and give two examples. • An emergent disease is one never known before, or has been absent for at least 20 years. • Foot and Mouth Disease • Ebola

6. Question 5 • Give two examples of ecological diseases. • Distemper (Seals) • Chronic Wasting Disease (Deer and Elk) • Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies • Black Band Disease (Coral)

7. Question 6 • 6. What are some symptoms of the “sick building” syndrome? • Headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue caused by poorly ventilated indoor air contaminated by molds, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other toxic chemicals.

8. Question 7 • 7. Define antagonistic reaction (chemical). • Antagonistic Reaction - One material interferes with the effects, or stimulates the breakdown, of other chemicals. (Aluminum ions remove phosphate ions from solution)

9. Question 8 • 8. Define: LD50. • LD50 - Dose at which 50% of the test population is sensitive (dies).

10. Question 9 • 9. What is the EPA’s definition of “acceptable risk”? • EPA generally assumes 1 in 1 million is acceptable risk for environmental hazards.

11. Question 10 10. Contrast acute vs. chronic effects. • Acute Effects - Caused by a single exposure and result in an immediate health problem. • Chronic Effects - Long-lasting. Can be result of single large dose or repeated smaller doses.

12. Question 1 • 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a ____ ______?

13. Answer 1 • 1. Prokaryotic refers to the lack of a nuclear membrane or nucleus.

14. Question 2 • 2. ______ are infectious agents or particles, but not “true organisms”.

15. Answer 2 • 2. Viruses are infectious agents or particles, but not “true organisms”.

16. Question 3 • 3. _____ are used for bacterial locomotion and ______ are employed for cell to cell attachment.

17. Answer 3 • 3. Flagella are used for bacterial locomotion and pili are employed for cell to cell attachment.

18. Question 4 • 4. Identify this cell shape.

19. Answer 4 • 4. Identify this cell shape. • Coccus (spherical)

20. Question 5 • 5. Identify this cell shape.

21. Answer 5 • 5. Identify this cell shape. • Bacillus (rod shaped)

22. Question 6 • 6. Identify this cell type.

23. Answer 6 • 6. Identify this cell type. spirillum

24. Question 7 • 7. Name two major types of archaebacteria (there are 3 types).

25. Answer 7 • 7. Name two major types of archaebacteria (there are 3 types). • Extreme thermophiles, methanogens, and extreme halophiles(any two)

26. Question 8 • 8. Describe a typical bacterial “chromosome”.

27. Answer 8 • 8. Describe a typical bacterial “chromosome”. • It is composed of a single circular DNA molecule.

28. Question 9 • 9. What are plasmids?

29. Answer 9 • 9. What are plasmids? • Plasmids are very small circular bits of DNA which can be transferred from one cell to another via conjugation.

30. Question 10 • 10. The “normal” human flora consists of about _____ species of bacteria.

31. Answer 10 • 10. The “normal” human flora consists of about 200 species of bacteria.

32. Question 11 • 11. E. coli normally lives in the ______ of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.

33. Answer 11 • 11. E. coli normally lives in the intestines of vertebrates and is beneficial/harmful.

34. Question 12 • 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “______ _______”.

35. Answer 12 • 12. Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause “necrotizing fasciitis”.

36. Question 13 • 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,a dangerous form, was associated with ____ __ __ ____ hamburgers as well as the ____ _____ incident in Cobb county, GA.

37. Answer 13 • 13. E. coli strain O157:H7,a dangerous form, was associated with Jack in the Box hamburgers as well as the White Water incident in Cobb county, GA.

38. Question 14 • 14. Viruses are composed of an outer ______ coat with an interior core of ________ _______.

39. Answer 14 • 14. Viruses are composed of an outer protein coat with an interior core of nucleic acid.

40. Question 15 • 15. HIV is a(n) _______ virus.

41. Answer 15 • 15. HIV is a(n) enveloped (or RNA) virus.

42. Question 16 • 16. Identify this type of virus.

43. Answer 16 • 16. Identify this type of virus. helical

44. Answer 17 • 17. Identify this type of virus. complex

45. Question 18 • 18. Name the two modes of viral replication.

46. Answer 18 • 18. Name the two modes of viral replication. Lytic and lysogenic

47. Question 19 • 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?

48. Question 19 • 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period?

49. Answer 19 • 19. Of the two modes which one may have a long “latent” (resting) period? • lysogenic

50. Question 20 • 20. Hepatitis A infects which organ?