Drama Study Unit Introduction:

1. Drama Study Unit Introduction: The Renaissance and William Shakespeare’s, Macbeth

2. The RenaissanceKey Facts • What? “rebirth” of classic era (Greek and Roman ideas) • When? 14th-17th century • Where? Spread from Italy to rest of Europe • Why is it Important? Canadian values and laws are derived from the ideas reborn during this time.

3. Human beings are inherently good, not sinful. They are reasonable. They are capable of learning and they use reason and experience to do so. They are social, collaborative, and compassionate, not competitive and self-centred. They try to do their best and choose what is good for themselves and others. The RenaissanceA New Philosophy: Humanism

4. The RenaissanceHumanism’s Effects on Society • Art celebrated the Divine within the human mind and body. • Schools that allowed students to learn through discussing and experiencing, instead of memorizing, developed. Student opinions were valued. • Books other than the Bible were written and read, leading to freedom of thought and access to ideas. • The Church was weakened, so a new type of government was needed.

5. The Renaissance…Humanism’s Effects on Society…continued • New studies, like Science, Math, Architecture, Geography, Astronomy, Agriculture, and Art emerged as a result of access to knowledge and ideas. • People were free to travel; they were no longer “owned” as serfs; Feudalism thus broke down and gave way to Democracy. • People moved to towns and worked as merchants, doctors, and lawyers. • These people formed a new middle class: the Bourgeoisie. • Exploration and trade boomed—knowledge of other cultures increased. Views of the world changed.

6. The Renaissance • Views of the world went from this:

7. The RenaissanceViews of the World …to this:

8. The RenaissanceViews of the World Renaissance views of the world were governed by 2 principles: ORDER and BALANCE. Two systems of organizing and understanding the world helped people to feel secure (orderly): • 4 HUMOURS/ELEMENTS • THE GREAT CHAIN OF BEING

9. The RenaissanceViews of the World: Order and Balance 1) The 4 Humours, Elements, and Seasons: Science was developing, but didn’t exist as we know it. • People believed the world was made of 4 elements: earth, fire, water, and air. • They believed the body was made of 4 humours: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. • They thought people each had one of 4 personality types: sanguine, melancholic, choleric, or phlegmatic. • And they thought these had to be in balance, or the world would descend into CHAOS and EVIL, people into illness.

10. The RenaissanceViews of the World Find your personality type:

11. The RenaissanceViews of the World: Order and Balance

12. The RenaissanceViews of the World: Order and Balance Medicine aimed to restore balance in the following ways:

13. The RenaissanceViews of the World: Order and Balance 2) The Great Chain of Being: Although greater equality among people of different classes, and among men and women, had been achieved, the idea of organizing the world into a hierarchy was still strong: God Angels Humans Animals Plants Rocks/Minerals

14. The RenaissanceViews of the World: Order and Balance The Great Chain of Being: The Chain was believed to have been created by God. Everyone had a place in the Chain that was considered destined, natural, and divinely created. King/ Queen Nobility Bourgeoisie Peasants and Servants It was considered wrong, rude, greedy, and impious to try to improve one’s position in the Chain. In fact…

15. The RenaissanceViews of the World: Order and Balance If people did not mind their places in the Chain—if they aspired to move up--they would upset the balance of the universe, which was created by God. To have ambition, therefore, was to go against God’s will and was thus EVIL.

16. But what about Humanism? Humanism celebrates human potential, and thus peoples’ ambition, which enables them to actualize such potential. So how can ambition be the root of evil? BLAME WITCHES! To account for contradictions in their beliefs, like simultaneously celebrating and condemning ambition, Renaissance citizens blamed witches. They also blamed witches for other things they couldn’t understand, like natural disasters, humans’ wrongdoings or crimes, and sickness (The Plague).

17. These ideas of Order vs. Disorder, caused by human ambition, lead us to the play, MACBETH

18. MACBETHImportant Facts • Author: glorious, fabulous W.S. • Genre: Tragedy (a play whose hero dies at the end as a result of his own character flaws, usually excess ambition, and subsequently corrupt behaviour) • Written in: 1606, England • Setting: Medieval (1000’s) Scotland • Shortest of Shakespeare’s plays—approximately 1000 lines, as opposed to Romeo and Juliet’s 2500-ish • One of the goriest of W.S.’s plays: 100+ references to blood • Written in BLANK VERSE (iambic pentameter, no rhyme) • The Witches upset the verse—their lines rhyme.

19. MACBETHImportant Facts THE CURSE OF THE SCOTTISH PLAY • The play is cursed, and referred to only as “That Play,” “The ‘M’ word,” or “The Scottish Play” by actors and directors, for fear that saying the full name, “Macb—” will bring bad luck. • The video was produced by Playboy Productions and directed by Roman Polanski. Roman Polanski’s wife was murdered by Charles Manson. • Details of the Curse

20. Macbeththe Setting:11th Century Scotland

21. 11th C. Scotland • play starts here • Macbeth’s Castle

22. Macbeth: the Characters Duncan: good King of Scotland Malcolm: Duncan’s eldest son, heir to the throne, Prince of Cumberland Donalbain: Duncan’s younger son, second in line to the throne Macbeth: Scottish General, Thane of Glamis, later Thane of Cawdor, war hero, friend of Duncan Lady Macbeth —his smart, strong, ambitious wife Banquo: Macbeth’s friend, ancestor of Renaissance’s English King James Fleance: Banquo’s son—his line become the future kings of Scotland and England MacDuff: Scottish General and ultimate saviour of Scotland, restores throne to Malcolm Lady Macduff: murdered wife of MacDuff Ross, Lennox, Mentieth Caithness, Angus: Scottish Nobles Seyton: attendant/servant to Macbeth Porter: Macbeth’s butler, a drunk and a lecher, the comedic relief of the play Hecate: head-witch, leader of the 3 main witches 3 Witches: evil, scheming women with beards and supernatural powers

23. King James I and the Character, Banquo,in Macbeth • King James IV of Scotland was given the Throne by Queen Elizabeth in 1603. Shakespeare pleased King James I (of England) greatly when he made the most honourable character in the play, Banquo, a fictional ancestor of James I.

24. Macbeth: the Plot 1) Macbeth, Thane of Glamis, wins a battle against the Norwegians and helps capture a Scottish traitor working with the enemy. 2) King Duncan hears of Macbeth’s victory and plans to make him Thane of Cawdor, too. 3) Before Ross can give Macbeth his new title, Macbeth and Banquo run into 3 witches, who give them both a prophesy: They tell him he’ll be the Thane of Cawdor and King of Scotland They tell Banquo his heirs will be Kings of Scotland. 4) Macbeth is later greeted by Ross with the new title of Cawdor, so he starts to think….and believe… 5) He writes a letter to his wife, who plans to get Macbeth to kill the King and usurp his throne. 6) The pair invites Duncan to a party and kills him 7) Duncan’s sons flee, fearing they’ll be next, and the crown falls on MacB. 8) Banquo and Macduff become suspicious, so the Macbeths try to kill them too, and become drunk with power and corruption. 9) The witches tell Macbeth that he won’t die until a forest moves to his castle and that only a man who wasn’t born from a woman can harm him—so he’s not afraid. 9) Macduff finally gets together an English army, who sneak up to his castle behind tree branches, to Macbeth’s castle. MacDuff, born through C-section slays Macbeth and returns the crown to Malcolm.

25. …Now, back to the ideas of ORDER and BALANCE in Macbeth… People living during the Renaissance thought that imbalance was a sign of evil. In the TRAGEDY, Macbeth, the play’s protagonist, a Scottish General, aspires to be King—a position higher in the Chain of Being than his own. This AMBITION (TRAGIC FLAW) leads him to do evil things and upsets the universe’s ORDER AND BALANCE. As a result, the humours, elements, and seasons are all thrown “out of whack.” For example, there are more than 100 references to blood and water in the play. Thus, Macbeth’s ambition is responsible for Scotland’s descent into CHAOS.

26. …and how Renaissance people believed that witches led people who are inherently good astray… In Macbeth, Shakespeare demonstrates the contradictory ideas of Humanism and the Chain of Being when he has witches convince Macbeth to climb up the Chain. Third Witch: “All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be king hereafter.”The Witches also create disORDER when they upset the verse of the play--their lines rhyme, but the rest of the play is in BLANK VERSE.

27. Macbeth: the Big Ideas • Conflicts: good vs. evil, order vs. chaos, ambition vs. knowledge of what’s right/wrong, clarity vs. insanity, • Themes: people choose their ultimate ends, unchecked ambition corrupts, masculinity breeds cruelty, tyrannical leadership is wrong, men and women share power and responsibility. • Motifs: blood, water, darkness, storms/water, tyrannical masculinity, hallucinations, children, prophecy, inverted Chain of Being • Symbols: blood, rain/weather

28. Performing Macbeth: Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre The Globe seated people of all classes, but demonstrated Renaissance beliefs in the Chain of Being by having the “Penny Pinchers” at the bottom, and the higher classes at the top. The Globe also showed the Chain at work with its trap doors down to Hell and balconies above for characters playing angels, Nobles, and Royals, etc., to descend from.

29. Thanks for watching! You are now ready to study Macbeth. You should be able to understand not only the plot, but also the more complex ideas woven together from the fabrics of the culture the play was written in.