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Understanding the Transportation Challenge: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Alternatives

This overview delves into the greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. transportation sector and evaluates the energy use by different modes of transportation. It also explores alternative fuels such as hydrogen, biofuels, and electricity, analyzing their efficiency and potential impact on emissions. Key insights are drawn from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and various Energy Department data books, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable transportation solutions amid rising global demand.

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Understanding the Transportation Challenge: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Alternatives

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  1. The Transportation Challenge

  2. U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector (2007) http://www.pewclimate.org/technology/overview/transportation Transportation Energy Use by Mode (2006)

  3. Source: DOE, Transportation Energy Data Book, Table 4.17 and 4.18, 2008. Source: DOE, Transportation Energy Data Book, Table 3.6, 2008.

  4. Global Demand Projections Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "Transport and its infrastructure." InMitigation of Climate Change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Figure 5.3.

  5. Alternative transportation fuels hydrogen – fuel cells efficiency of hydrogen as energy carrier electric – batteries plug-ins hybrid vehicles off-grid – e.g. Prius plug-in hybrids biofuels ethanol, methanol biodiesel Concept of ‘well-to-wheels’ efficiency as measure

  6. Hydrogen fuel cell Plug-in battery electric

  7. Hydrogen sources: steam – methane 2H2O + CH4 -> CO2 + 3H2 At high temperatures (700 – 1100 °C) and in the presence of a metal catalyst, steam steam reacts with methane to yield carbon dioxide and water hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases are compressed and separated coal gasification coal -> CO, CO2, CH4, H2 (syngas) heating in absence of oxygen (in situ coal gasification, e.g.) hydrogen is separated from compressed syngas electrolysis 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2 requires direct electrical current; oxygen and hydrogen collect at anode and cathode

  8. Plug-in hybrid Grid-independent hybrid “Hi-performance” plug-in 2009 Model S Base Price $49,900

  9. Ships: Heavier fuel oil, coal(?) are feasible alternatives Airplanes: biofuels - methanol, ethanol – lower energy density biodiesel – experimentation is on-going hydrogen – storage systems may be too heavy

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