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Energy and Metabolism

This guide explores the concepts of energy and metabolism, essential for maintaining life. Energy is derived from the food we consume, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. It delves into metabolism's two types: catabolism, which breaks down molecules, and anabolism, which builds them up. Factors influencing metabolism such as body size, physical activity, and age are discussed, along with the basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculations for males and females. Learn how energy needs relate to exercise and daily caloric intake for optimal health.

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Energy and Metabolism

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  1. Energy and Metabolism

  2. Energy • the capacity of a system to do work • Energy is obtained by the food we eat • Primary nutrients: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals • water

  3. Metabolism • The set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life • 2 types of metabolism • Catabolism: metabolism that breaks down larger molecules into smaller subunits • Anabolism: metabolism that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller subunits • Metabolic rate is related to body temperature as heat is necessary for the activation energy of reactions

  4. Ectotherms • Ecto = outside; therm = heat • Organisms that receive their necessary body heat from external sources

  5. Endotherms • Endo = inside; therm= heat • Organisms that create their heat energy by metabolic reactions

  6. Factors affecting metabolism • Body size: larger=more energy • Physical activity: more active=more energy • Sex: males need more energy than females • Age: rate slows with age • Genetics

  7. BMR – basal metabolic rate • Basal – essentially the baseline value for a measured physiological factor • Measured in Joules (standard unit of energy) Females: BMR = [655 + (9.6 x mass) + (1.8 x height) - (4.7 x age)] x 4.18 Males: BMR = [66 + (13.7 x mass) + (5.0 x height) - (6.8 x age)] x 4.18

  8. Factoring in Exercise • Little to no BMR x1.2 • Light (1-3 times/week) BMR x1.375 • Moderate (3-5 times/week) BMR x1.55 • Vigorous (6-7 times/week) BMR x1.725 • Extreme BMR x1.9

  9. Relating BMR to food • Converting to Calories • 1 Calorie = 4.18 KJ • So . . . If a person calculates their BMR to be 12 000 kJ then . . . 12 000 ÷ 4.18 = 2 871 C/day

  10. Applying BMR • Let’s look a little deeper into metabolism: • A person calculates they need 2 500 C per day • They consume 3 000 C and need to know how much exercise is needed to burn off the extra 500 calories 500 C = 2090 kJ . . . If running burns 37.5 kJ/kg/h it would take approx. 0.9 hours to burn the energy Or . . . 3 hours of walking would also do the trick (refer to pg 399 for more info)

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