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Structure of DNA

Structure of DNA. Nucleus - Chromosomes - Genes - DNA. D NA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Controls the production of proteins in the cell. Watson and Crick. Shape of DNA double helix (2 strands twisted together). Rosalind Franklin. DNA is composed of nucleotides.

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Structure of DNA

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  1. Structure of DNA

  2. Nucleus - Chromosomes - Genes - DNA

  3. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Controls the production of proteins in the cell

  4. Watson and Crick Shape of DNA double helix (2 strands twisted together) Rosalind Franklin

  5. DNA is composed of nucleotides

  6. DNA has four different nitrogen bases: Cytosine C Thymine T Adenine A Guanine G C=G A=T

  7. DNA has 2 strands that fit together like a zipper. Hydrogen Bonds "stick" the 2 strands together

  8. DNA Replication when DNA copies itself

  9. Replication occurs before mitosis and meiosis. Why???

  10. Semi-Conservative Replication each piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand

  11. Transcription

  12. DNA - the master copy of directions a cell needs to make proteins DNA in the nucleus is safe DNA in the cytoplasm can be destroyed

  13. RNA (ribonucleic acid) • copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm • tells the cell what to do

  14. What is transcription? When RNA is made from 1 gene in DNA The type of RNA made - mRNA (messenger RNA) it sends a message from DNA to the cytoplasm

  15. Steps in Transcription 1. Unzip one gene in DNA 2. Match up bases to one side of a gene in DNA 3. mRNA detaches from the DNA 4. mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm Codon - 3 bases

  16. Translation making the protein

  17. How does mRNA tell the cell what to do? mRNA is a message that codes for a protein Proteins are made in the cytoplasm & then work to keep the cell alive Translation (protein synthesis): Process of making a protein There are 20 different types of amino acids

  18. Process of Translation 1. mRNA moves out of nucleus and into cytoplasm 2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) decodes the mRNA & brings amino acids to build up the protein 4. Protein (chain of amino acids) detaches from ribosome & goes off to work in the cell Amino acid tRNA Anticodon (3 bases on tRNA): Matches up to codons on mRNA

  19. Different codons code for different amino acids!!! ACU

  20. ACAATGTAG mRNA Amino Acid -

  21. Mutations

  22. Mutations can happen when cells make mistakes in copying their own DNA. • 2 Types of Mutations • Gene Mutations • Chromosomal Mutations

  23. Gene Mutations 1. Point Mutations: single base change Substitutions

  24. Substitution • Changes 1 base for another A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T

  25. Sickle Cell Anemia Caused by A changed to T (glu to val)

  26. Frame Shift Mutations • Change multiple bases in the code thefatcatatetherat the-fat-cat-ate-the-rat Insertion – a piece of DNA is copied too many times thefatcatateateateatetherat the-fat-cat-ate-ate-ate-ate-the-rat Deletion- a piece of the DNA code for 1 gene is lost Thefatcatatetherat The-fat-ata-tet-her-at

  27. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy • Cause – deletion in the gene that codes for a muscle protein

  28. Chromosomal Mutations • Changes the number or structure of whole chromosomes Deletions Duplications Inversions Translocations

  29. Chromosomal Deletions Duplications Piece of DNA is copied too many times • Piece of chromosome is lost

  30. Huntington’s Disease • Degenerative Brain Disorder • Lose ability to walk, think, talk, reason • Cause – addition of extra CAG repeats

  31. Inversion Translocation Segment breaks off and joins a different non-homologous chromosome Segment flips and reads

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