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Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe. I. Spain. European Monarchies sought to consolidate power Absolutism : complete control of govt. Divine right : god chose the monarch to rule Hapsburgs one of the most powerful families Charles V was H.R.E. and the king of Spain

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Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

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  1. Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs in Europe

  2. I. Spain • European Monarchies sought to consolidate power • Absolutism: complete control of govt. • Divine right: god chose the monarch to rule • Hapsburgs one of the most powerful families • Charles V was H.R.E. and the king of Spain • Divided his realm upon retirement • Philip II got Spain, Holland, and S. Italy • Ferdinand (brother) was H.R.E

  3. A. Philip II • 1556-1598 • Devout Catholic • Prudent King who build the El Escorial palace • 1. Unrest • Kingdom not united politically yet • Struggle for power between Castile and Aragon • Madrid the capital (Castile) • Trade controlled by Seville • Aragon revolted in the 1590s, put down

  4. A. Philip II cont. • 2. Religious Policy • Supported the Inquisition against non-Catholics • Protestants, Marranos (converted Jews), and Moriscos (converted Muslims) • Moriscos revolted and were crushed in 1609 • Imposed Catholicism on the Netherlands in 1567 • The Dutch rebelled and declared independence in 1581 • England supported w/ sea dogs • 1571, defeated the Ottoman Turks in Greece

  5. A. Philip II cont. • 3. Spanish Armada • Elizabeth aided the Dutch • A protestant • May 1588, 130 ships and 33,000 men sailed to invade England • July, English ships sailed faster than the Spanish in the English Channel • Had long range cannons and fire ships • Bad storms threw them off course, they lost many ships coming back to England • Marked the decline of Spain and the rise of England as powers

  6. B. Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs • 1550-1650, Spain’s golden century • Miguel de Cervantes’ Don Quixote • Wars, inflation, and wastefulness hurt Spain • Lost skilled artisans in Jews and Muslims • Philip’s successors overtaxed the people • Rebellion • Charles II, 1665 was the last Hapsburg • No heir • Other kings plotted to take over

  7. II. England • A. Early Tudors • Henry VII became king in 1485 after the War of the Roses • Rebuilt trade of England • Gave titles to supporters • 1. Henry VIII • Made England into a naval power • Marital problems led to clashes • House of Commons increased their strength • 2. Edward VI and Mary I • Edward died at age 15 • Mary returned Catholicism • Married Philip II • Bloody Mary • Lost the port of Calais in war with France • Died childless

  8. B. Elizabeth I • 1558-1603 • Shrewd and highly educated • Presided over a great cultural period • Shakespeare • 1. Marriage • The Virgin Queen • Did not marry to keep her power • 2. Court and Govt. • Assisted by a council of nobles • Parliament advised and urged her • Justices of the peace enforced laws • Collect taxes too

  9. B. Elizabeth I cont. • 3. Social and Economic Policy • Society led by the queen, her court, nobles, and gentry • Middle class was next • Yeomen the lowest: farmers • Statute of Apprentices of 1563 made work a social and moral duty • Had to live and work where you were born • Lavish court paid by selling lands, titles, offices, licenses, and monopolies • Often had to turn to Parliament for funds

  10. B. Elizabeth I cont. • 4. Foreign Policy • Relied on the navy for defense • Worked to maintain a balance of power in Europe • No one country can dominate • Switched alliances to do this • Sought to gain power in Scotland and Ireland (Catholics) • Forced Mary, Queen of Scots to abdicate in 1567 (her cousin) • 1587, she was executed for plotting with Catholics to overthrow Elizabeth • Conquered Ireland in the 1590s • Died in 1603, James I, son of Mary Queen of Scots, became king • Started the Stuart dynasty

  11. III. France • A. Henry IV • Protestant who converted to Catholicism • Issued the Edict of Nantes • Granted religious freedom, but made Catholicism the state religion • No Protestants allowed in Paris • Allowed France to rebuild after religious wars • Built up the treasury, repaired infrastructure, and improved the army • All without the approval of the Estates-General

  12. B. Cardinal Richelieu • Henry IV assassinated in 1610 • 9-year-old son, Louis XIII couldn’t rule yet • Marie de Medici (mother) ruled as a regent • Louis gained the throne in 1617 • Gave power to one of her advisors: Cardinal Richelieu • Louis gradually gave complete control of the govt. to Richelieu

  13. B. Cardinal Richelieu cont. • Two goals • Make an absolute monarchy • Make France the strongest nation in Europe • Brought nobles under control • Destroyed their castles and took their localized power • 1625, Huguenots rebelled • Afterwards, Richelieu took away independent fortified towns from the Huguenots • Built up the economy • Supported French culture • Organized the French Academy, 1635 (writers)

  14. C. Louis XIV • The Sun King • Became king at age 5, 1643 • France ruled by his mother and Cardinal Mazarin (Richelieu’s successor) • 1661, Louis announced he would rule (age 23) • Ruled for 72 years, the longest reign in European history • His rule set the style for European monarchs to emulate • Lavish court • Pomp and pageantry

  15. C. Louis XIV cont. • 1. Absolute Rule • As a child, he witnessed a series of uprisings, the Fronde, 1648-1653 • Mobs rioted in Paris • He never forgot the ordeal • Supported Jacques Bossuet because he supported divine right • Kings need no account except to god

  16. C. Louis XIV cont. • 2. Court Life • Built the new palace of Versailles, outside of Paris • No expense was spared • Made the nobles live with him for periods of time • 10,000 people lived there • Made them compete for his favors • They depended on him for pensions, posts, and protection • Freed them for taxes • Sold many offices

  17. C. Louis XIV cont. • 3. Government Policies • Top advisers from the middle-class • Did not standardize laws and measurements • Created new offices and practices to suit him • Ministers promoted mercantilism, trade, industry, and strengthening the military

  18. C. Louis XIV cont. • 4. Taxation • Did not adjust the system • Taxed the poor and middle-class • The wealthy and the clergy were exempt • Discouraged hard work and improvement for fears of higher taxes

  19. C. Louis XIV cont. • 5. Religious Policy • Repealed the Edict of Nantes and persecuted Huguenots • Their kids had to be Catholic • 200,00 fled the country • 6. Expansion • Expanded colonies in America, Asia, and Africa • Tried to claim the Spanish throne after the death of Charles II • Austria and France had claims • Charles’ will gave Spain to Louis’ grandson • Philip V • Plunged Europe into the War of Spanish Succession

  20. C. Louis XIV cont. • 7. Conflict • 1701-1713 • Grand Alliance vs. France and Spain • England, Holland, and Austria • Treaty of Utrecht allowed Philip V to rule • Spanish and French crowns could not unite • Lost some colonies and drained the treasury

  21. C. Louis XIV cont. • 8. Louis XIV’s Legacy • Brightest cultural period for France • His ambitions almost bankrupt the country • Nobles were weaker, cannot govern • Resentment among the lower classes • Louis XV inherits the problems, 1715

  22. IV. The German States • A. The Thirty Years War • Conflict between Catholics and Protestants • Calvinism spread and was not recognized by the Peace of Augsburg • 1618, war began in Bohemia • Ferdinand of Styria, heir to the H.R.E. throne • Persecuted Protestants of Bohemia • Czechs rebelled • Turned into a full-scale war when Ferdinand and other princes fought Protestant princes

  23. A. The Thirty Years War cont. • Philip III of Spain sent aid to Catholics • Czech revolt was crushed by 1620 • Forced to be Catholic • Denmark and Sweden join the Protestants to gain territory • 1635, Cardinal Richelieu joined the Protestant side to keep the Hapsburgs in check • 13 more years of heavy fighting • Germany lost about 1/3 of its people • Treaty of Westphalia, 1648 • Weakening of Germany and the rise of France • Calvinism recognized • H.R.E. divided into 300 states • Hapsburgs still ruled Austria and Bohemia

  24. B. Austria • Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia still powerful • 1683, lifted a siege of Vienna by the Ottomans • The Poles helped • 1718, regained land in the Balkans • Received the Spanish Netherlands after the War of Spanish Succession • 1740, Maria Theresa inherited the throne • Pragmatic Sanction was signed in 1718 to protect her rule • Charles VI did this • No training, but she was a good ruler and made Austria stronger

  25. C. Prussia • France and Prussia opposed pragmatic sanction • Brandenburg-Prussia was ruled by the Hohenzollern family • Gained land in the Thirty Years’ War • 1. Great Elector • Frederick William created a permanent standing army • The nobles, or Junkers, opposed his plan to raise taxes • Frederick allowed the Junkers to be free of taxes and to have power over peasants • Frederick I took over and became a king for his help against Louis XIV

  26. C. Prussia cont. • 2. Frederick William I • 1713-1740 • Powerful • Centralized the govt. • Royal Drill Sergeant • Had a personal regiment of giants • Obsessed over making the army the best

  27. C. Prussia cont. • 3. Frederick II • Adopted his father’s military ways and sought to expand • Rejected pragmatic sanction and seized Silesia • Sparked the War of Austrian Succession • After seven years, Prussia gained the territory in a victory • Maria Theresa switched alliances from England to France, Russia joined Austria too • Helped start the Seven Years’ War, 1756-1763 • Prussia did well • Treaty of Paris led to the decline of France overseas

  28. V. Russia • Big territorial gains from 1500-1800s • Slavs lost territory elsewhere though • A. Rise of Russia • Isolated from Europe during the Crusades and Renaissance’ • Influenced by Byzantine culture • Had catching up to do • Russian monarchy was all-powerful

  29. A. Rise of Russia cont. • 1. Ivan IV • “the Terrible” or “the Awesome” • Witnessed nobles trying to grab power as a boy • Saw treason everywhere, cruel to many close to him • Killed his own son • Placed the boyars under his rule by taking their land • Placed those loyal to him there • Had a secret police • Increased trade • Conquered Mongol land • Lost in a war to gain area near the Baltic Sea • To Poland, Lithuania, and Sweden

  30. A. Rise of Russia cont. • 2. The Time of Troubles • 1598-1613, nobles feuded for control • Peasant revolts and foreign invasions • 1613, an assembly picked Michael Romanov to rule • Boyars became closer to Czars • Peasants became serfs

  31. B. Peter the Great • 1689-1725 • Tall, energetic, and hot-tempered • 1. Encounter With the West • Loved practical subjects • Navigation and shipbuilding • Toured western Europe for 18 months after becoming Czar • Learned new skills • Returned determined to westernize Russia • Adopted French habits, dress, customs, and language • Made the nobles do it too • Built St. Petersburg as a new “western” city

  32. B. Peter the Great cont. • 1. Foreign Policy • Made Russia into European power • Took over Siberia, Alaska, and parts of California • Modernized the military • Defeated the Swedes to gain control of the Baltic Sea • 2. Govt. Administration • Central bureaucracy created • Brought local govts. and the Orthodox Church under his control • Nobles were given feudal estates and freed from taxes

  33. B. Peter the Great cont. • 3. Economic Changes • Agriculture and crafts under govt. control • Gave incentives to expand • 4. Effects • Modernized Russia • Split the country between those who accepted European ways and those who didn’t

  34. C. Catherine the Great • Weak rulers after Peter until Catherine II in 1762 • Took the throne from her husband and ruled until 1796 • Believed all men were equal • Considered freeing the serfs until a rebellion • Then let the nobles do as they pleased with them • Succeeded in taking a warm-water port on the Black Sea • Defeated the Ottomans • Partitioned Poland with Prussia and Austria • Last great absolute ruler of Europe

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