Global Mobility and Lifelong Learning: Developing American and Global Citizens

1. Global Mobility and Lifelong Learning: Developing American and Global Citizens Maria Cseh The George Washington University Consuelo Waight University of Houston

2. AGENDA Paradigm Shift Context for Global Mobility Need for Workforce Present State of Foreign-Born Workforce Approaches to Address the Need for Workforce Learning & Workforce Development Lifelong Learning and Global Mobility Developing Global Citizens: NHRD for Lifelong Learning References

3. Differentiating & Connecting Immigration and Global Mobility: The Quest for Global Citizenship

4. Differentiating Immigration (National policy issue) �In the immigration literature, global migration flows are typically defined as falling into three main categories: family migration; employment-based/skilled migration (providing individuals with specialized human capital access to employment visas or permanent residence status on the basis of their potential to bring benefits to the receiving state); and humanitarian migration.�1 Global Mobility [Human resource (HR) capital issue] Global Citizenship (Role models around the world)

5. Connecting High Skilled Professionals PERM, J-1 H-1B & L-1 (65K/year) Unskilled Workers H-2A/B (100K/year) Students F visas (700K/year) Entrepreneurs / Investors E visas Others

6. Context for Global Mobility Global Workforce Demographics Trends The working-age population is shrinking in Italy and Japan, and it will begin to decline in the USA, the United Kingdom, and Canada by the 2020s.1 More than 70 million U.S.A. baby boomers will retire by 2020, but only 40 million new workers will enter the workforce.2 Europe is expected to face the greatest period of depopulation since the Black Death, shrinking to 7% of world population by 2050 (from nearly 25% after World War II).2 East Asia (including China) is experiencing the most rapid aging in the world.2 India�s working-age population is projected to grow by 335 million people by 2030 � almost equivalent to the entire workforce of Europe and the USA today.2 These extremes global imbalances suggests that immigration will continue to increase.2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a shortfall of 10 million workers in the USA by 2010.3

7. Key HR Trends Managing talent globally. Multiculturalism of global workforce. Global teams. Global leadership. Demographics: generational differences. HR communication and expertise across borders to leverage globally dispersed pockets of knowledge. Demand for HR skill sets (strategic/international vs. transactional) Immigration reform and the staffing shortage. Domestic is global and global is domestic. Movement of people in Western multinational corporations.

8. Need for Workforce

9. The nation�s immigrant population (legal and illegal) reached a record of 37.9 million in 2007. Immigrants account for one in eight U.S. residents, the highest level in 80 years. In 1970 it was one in 21; in 1980 was one in 16. Overall, nearly one in three immigrants is an illegal alien. Since 2000, 10.3 million immigrants have arrived � the highest seven-year period of immigration in the U.S. history. More than half of post-2000 arrivals (5.6 million) are estimated to be illegal aliens. Of adults immigrants, 31% have not completed high school, compared to 8% of U.S. born. The share of immigrants and U.S. born who are college graduates is about the same. Immigrants were once much more likely than U.S. born to be college graduates. The proportion of immigrants-headed households using a least one major welfare program is 33%, compared to 19% for U.S. born households.6 Present State of Foreign-Born Workforce

10. Present State of Foreign-Born Workforce

11. Approaches to address the need for Workforce

13. Lifelong Learning and Global Mobility Interconnectedness among global mobility-knowledge economy-lifelong learning-competitive edge No one country has all the intellectual capital it needs � it is dispersed around the world � global mobility is inevitable Lifelong learning is the continuous process of expansion of one�s horizon Creating environments to foster lifelong learning � leveraging the interdependence among individual, group, organization, country and global levels

14. National Human Resource Development (NHRD) (�evolution of human resource development from an individual to organizational, community, region and national focus�9) Has to be contextual Has to value intellectual capital Has to understand and support knowledge transfer Has to enable policies that support lifelong learning Developing Global Citizenship: NHRD for Lifelong Learning

15. Shachar, A. (2006) The race for talent: Highly skilled migrants and competitive immigration regimes. Immigration and Nationality Law Review,143, 143-201. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from HeinOnline database. The National Academies (2005). Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century. Rising above the gathering Storm report. Retrieved on October 14, 2008, from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309100399&page=212 Manpower (2006). Confronting the coming talent crunch: what�s next?. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from http://www.us.manpower.com/uscom/files?name=2008_Talent_Crunch_White_Paper.pdf Society for Human Resource Management. (2008). SHRM Workplace Forecast. Alexandria, VA: Author. Society for Human Resource Management. (2008). SHRM/CCHRA Global Talent Sourcing in the United States and Canada. Alexandria, VA: Author. International Labor Organization (International Institute for Labour Studies). Managing labor migration: Temporary worker programs for the 21st century. Geneva. Martin, P. (2003). Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/download/migration3.pdf Center for Immigration Studies Immigrants in the United States. A profile of america�s foreign-born population (Backgrounder 10-07). Washington, DC: Camarota,S. A. (2007). Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www.cis.org/articles/2007/back1007.pdf Students by level of education and course of study. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from http://www.ice.gov/sevis/numbers/student/level_of_education.htm Byrd, M., & Demps, E. (2006).Taking a look at national human resource development. Human Resource Development International, 9, 553-561 References