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The Nervous System

The Nervous System. Anatomy and Physiology and Pathological Conditions. Video on Nervous System. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000089.htm. Watching the Brain “light up”.

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The Nervous System

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  1. The Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology and Pathological Conditions

  2. Video on Nervous System http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000089.htm

  3. Watching the Brain “light up” Neurologists and scientists who specialize in studying the brain can take pictures of the brain of a person who is involved in various activities.

  4. This is called . . . “brain mapping.” It is significant because it shows what part of the brain is active during certain activities or thought processes.

  5. Brain Components Video: • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000016.htm

  6. The Spinal Cord • 31 pairs of nerves extending out from spinal cord • Correspond to nerve pathways that connect to various organs/systems

  7. Concept Review and Comprehension Check What are the two parts of the Nervous System called? (1) The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (2) The Central Nervous System and the Lateral Nervous System (3) The BNS and the PONS

  8. What is the largest part of the human brain called? • Cerebellum • Diencephalon • Cerebrum

  9. Identify one function that the brain stem regulates: • Heart muscle tone • Heart beat • digestion

  10. Doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system. • Pathophysiologist • Neurologist • Neurology

  11. These nerves are sensory nerves. They carry impulses from the body to the CNS. • Neurons • Efferent nerves • Afferent nerves

  12. These nerves are motor nerves. They carry messages from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body. • Efferent nerves • Nervous wreck • Afferent nerves

  13. Functional nerve cells. • Sympathetic nerves • Afferent nerves • Neurons

  14. Special connective tissue-type cells that do not conduct impulses; rather, these cells protect the nervous system by engulfing and digesting any unwanted substances. • Neurotransmitters • neuroglia • neurons

  15. Astrocytes (neuroglial cells) plus capillary walls form this protective device for the brain: • Blood-brain barrier • CSF • CNS

  16. Three layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. (Individual layers are: Dura Mater, Arachnoid Space, Pia Mater) • Blood-brain barrier • Meninges • Hydrocephalus

  17. The Brain is divided into two relatively equal hemispheres by: • Longitudinal Fissure • Sulci • Gyri

  18. Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. • diencephalon • Brain stem • Pineal body

  19. Word Elements Relating to the Nervous System

  20. -algesia -algia Encephal/o -esthesia -kinesia -lepsy Myel/o Neur/o -paresis -phasia -plegia narc/o Sensitivity to pain Pain Brain Sensation or feeling Movement Attack Spinal cord or bone marrow Nerve Partial paralysis Speech Paralysis sleep

  21. The Nervous System Pathological Conditions

  22. Categories of Pathological Conditions Neurologists and Neurosurgeons deal with many different kinds of problems involving the brain and spinal cord.

  23. Categories of Pathological Conditions • Most brain and spinal cord disorders are classified into one of the following categories: • Congenital disorders • Degenerative, functional and seizure disorders • Infectious disorders • Intracranial tumors • Traumatic disorders • Vascular disorders • Peripheral nerve disorders • Disk disorders

  24. Disk Disorder Example: Degenerative disk What is it? Deterioration of the intervertebral disk, usually due to constant motion and wearing on the disk.

  25. Infectious Disorder Example: Shingles (Herpes Zoster” What is it? An acute viral infection involving inflammation of the spinal or cranial nerves that produces a painful skin rash.

  26. Intracranial tumors (primary) Example: Glioblastoma Breakdown of word: Gli/o- gluey substance blast= embryonic stage -oma= tumor What is it? A malignant (cancerous) brain tumor that starts in the glial cells of the brain.

  27. Congenital Disorder Example: Anencephaly Breakdown of word: an- without, not Encephal/0= brain -y = (noun ending) Characterized by the absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth.

  28. Traumatic Disorder Example: Cerebral Concussion What is it? A brief interruption of brain function caused by blunt trauma to the head. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000034.htm

  29. Vascular Disorder Example:Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) What is it? Death of part of the brain due to decreased blood flow to that area. Also known as “stroke.” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anatomyvideos/000123.htm

  30. Peripheral Disorder Example: Carpal tunnel syndrome What is it? A pinched or compressed nerve in the carpal tunnel passage of the wrist.

  31. Seizure Disorder Example: Epilepsy Breakdown of word: Epi- over, upon -lepsy= seizure, attack What is it? A syndrome of recurring episodes of excessive irregular activity in the central nervous system.

  32. Concept Review and Comprehension Check What does the word Congenital mean? (1) From birth (2) A degenerative disorder (3) A brief interruption of consciousness

  33. What is the best meaning of “vascular disorder”? • Pain in the wrist • Problems that arise in the cerebral cortex • Problems that arise in the blood vessels to the brain

  34. Which is an example of a virus affecting the nervous system? • Carpal tunnel syndrome • Shingles (Herpes zoster) • glioblastoma

  35. What can cause a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)? • Low blood sugar • A car accident • Decreased blood flow to part of the brain

  36. The Nervous System Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments And Procedures

  37. Visualization of the cerebral vascular system via X-ray. • Brain scan • Cerebral angiography • CT scan of the brain

  38. Surgical procedure involving cutting into the skull. • Chordotomy • Cisternal puncture • craniotomy

  39. Using ultrasound to analyze the internal structures of the brain. • echoencephalography • EEG • Brain scan

  40. Surgical removal of the bony arches from one or more of the vertebrae to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. • chordotomy • laminectomy • Lumbar puncture

  41. A physical balance test to check a person’s equilibrium while his/her eyes are closed. • Babinski’s test • sympathectomy • Romberg test

  42. Pronunciation Practice • Meninges • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis • Cerebellum • Anencephaly • Cerebrovascular Accident • Encephalitis • Hydrocephalus • Multiple Sclerosis • Meningitis • Narcolepsy • Herpes Zoster • Paraplegia • Babinski’s reflex • Electromyography • Laminectomy

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