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NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS

NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS. OUR TRIP. NATIVE AMERICAN CUTURAL REGIONS. NATIVE AMERICAN ANCESTORS ARRIVE IN AMERICAS ~ 12,000 – 14,000 B.P. (ALASKA ~20,000 B.P.). Woodland tradition. A TIME LINE OF NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS (for the region we will travel through). Middle Missouri tradition

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NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS

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  1. NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS

  2. OUR TRIP NATIVE AMERICAN CUTURAL REGIONS

  3. NATIVE AMERICAN ANCESTORS ARRIVE IN AMERICAS ~ 12,000 – 14,000 B.P. (ALASKA ~20,000 B.P.)

  4. Woodland tradition A TIME LINE OF NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS (for the region we will travel through) Middle Missouri tradition Mississippian PRE-CONTACT (starts ~1,300 – 1,100 B.P.): maize agriculture dominates, but still with hunting- gathering; sedentary. Plains Woodland Hopewell Adena Plains, Plateau & Great Basin TRANSITION ( starts ~2,800 B.P. – 2,000 B.P.): addition of gardening to hunting-gathering; life becomes more sedentary. Again earlier in east than west. Bow/arrow adopted. ARCHAIC (starts ~10,500 – 8,000 B.P.): after the extinctionof Pleistocene megafauna; hunter-gatherers with greater reliance on small game and gathering. Earlier in eastern forests than western plains. Agate Basin Folsom Clovis PALEO ( starts ~ 12,000 – 14,000 B.P.): earliest people in Americas hunter-gatherers with hunting of Pleistocene megafauna.

  5. CLOVIS (oldest?) primarily mammoth/mastodon hunters PALEO-INDIANS (start 12 – 14,000 B.P. ends ~10,500 B.P in east 8,000 B.P. in west) FOLSOM primarily ancient bison hunters AGATE BASIN primarily modern bison hunters

  6. ARCHAIC (starts ~10,500 B.P. in east and ~8,000 B.P. in west ends ~2,800 B.P. in east and ~2,000 B.P. in west, if at all) Notched projectile point to keep it attached under higher forces of atlatl. Hunted smaller game (deer, bighorn, bison, antelope, etc.) than Paleoindians, which required longer range/higher velocity projectiles (atlatl) Utilization of greater Variety of resources (remaining big game, small game, fish, and plant foods). More sedentary – seasonal living sites.

  7. TRANSITION (East: 2,800 – 1300 B.P. West: 2,000 – 1,100 B.P.) Permanent to semi-permanent villages, agriculture with plants that are today largely unfamiliar (lambsquarter, amaranth, sunflower, etc.). Intense hunting-gathering. Pottery and basket Bow and arrow Effigy pipe bowls Ceremonial and burial mounds EAST: Adena Hopewell

  8. PRE-CONTACT (East: 1300 – 500 B.P. West: 1,100 – 500 B.P.) Permanent villages/cities (30,000 people – larger than any European city and not surpassed in NA until 1800 Philadelphia), agriculture with maize, squash and beans (three sisters). Intense hunting-gathering. Temple and burial mounds Palisaded villages, largely in river valleys. Mississippian Culture: Influenced the continent. Crashed except along southern Mississippi by 400 B.P. -- Little Ice Age, environmental Degradation, or European disease even before contact?

  9. ALL DUE TO MAIZE NATIVE AMERICAN AGRICULTURE SET BY MAIZE Summer often too short Summer often too short Modern irrigation needs for maize

  10. NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS AT CONTACT POPULATION DENSITY DIET BY REGION

  11. Europeans Ojibway Huron Dakota Iroquois Ottawa Sauk-Fox THE NORTHEAST CULTURE Iroquois/Huron village (permanent) – maize agriculture Ojibway village (seasonal) – too far north for maize agriculture With European contact – trade competition and Iroquois destroy Huron and force other tribes (Ottawa and Ojibway) west

  12. THE NORTHEAST LIFEWAYS OJIBWAY/OTTAWA IROQUOIS/HURON WIGWAM SLASH/BURN WILD RICE LONGHOUSE/PALISADE BIRCH BARK CANOE FARMING FISHING

  13. PLAINS CULTURE THE KEY -- THE HORSE AND BISON

  14. THE HORSE STOLEN FROM SPANISH SETTLERS IN NEW MEXICO AND TRADED OR STOLEN AMONG INDIANS

  15. DOMINO EFFECT (tribes move from Wisconsin and Minnesota to northern plains -- ~400 B.P.) Movement away from tribes moving ahead of Europeans Movement of Europeans

  16. MIDDLE MISSOURI TRADITION (agricultural villages & bison hunting) MANDAN HIDATSA ARIKARA Inside earth lodge Earth lodge village Earth lodges/ceremonial lodge Villages on river bluffs, Palisades to protect from nomads, Older than most of horse nomads (e.g., Lakota)

  17. MANDAN, HIDATSA, ARIKARA Winter and summer villages Farming with bison scapula hoe.

  18. Assiniboine NOMADIC NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE PRAIRIES Blackfoot Gros Ventre Lakota Crow

  19. NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE MONTANA PRAIRIES (bison, the key) Villages of varying size Ceremonies Time for war Fire

  20. Flathead THE PLATEAU AND GREAT BASIN CULTURES Away from salmon streams Not to be confused with their linguistic relatives, who depend on salmon. Salish Mountain tribes Not to be confused with their linguistic relatives, who dwell in desert.

  21. NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE MONTANA MOUNTAINS (adopt the Plains nomadic culture) Nez Perces Shoshone Venture onto plains Some of earliest nomads and displaced west by the incoming tribes Kootenai

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