2. Oxfid inequality discussion Kevin Watkins, ODI 24 February 2014

3. Inequality reflections: who said it? • We are creating societies where we have large groups of haves and have nots – and we need to address this • Distribution should undo excess and each (person) have enough • In far too many countries the benefits of growth are being enjoyed by far too few people • When wealth captures government policymaking, the rules bend to favor the rich, often to the detriment of everyone else • Today we also have to say “thou shalt not” to an economy of exclusion and inequality • Poverty matters; injustice matters. Mere inequality is beside the point. • I didn’t come into politics to make sure David Beckham earns less money

4. Inequality: what worries us? • Inequality of what – and how much is a bad thing? • ‘Wealth versus capability’ • ‘Opportunity versus outcome’ • ‘Absolute versus relative deprivation’ • Social mobility versus ‘steady state’ inequality and poverty • Interlocking disparities – gender, wealth and location

5. An inequality snapshot Source:

6. World poverty trends – two scenarios to 2030 Source: Brookings 2013

7. Changes in share of national consumption by decile Source: Brookings 2013

8. Projected and actual change in poverty incidence Zambia 2000-2006 Poverty should have fallen but increased Nigeria 2003-2009 Poverty increased more than anticipated Source: Brookings 2013

11. The gender effect: The wealth effect: People from the poorest households who are in education poverty Girls from the poorest householdswho are in education poverty Education poverty Extreme education poverty People with less than 4 years of education People with less than 2 years of education The education poverty threshold (age 17-22) And, for girls from the poorest 20% of households, the proportion triples. In Yemen, the poorest 20% of households have an education poverty incidence double the national average 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Share of the population with less than 4 and less than 2 years of education 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% India Chad Egypt Kenya Congo Nepal Turkey Yemen Nigeria Senegal Pakistan Vietnam Morocco Philippines Burkina Faso

12. Ukraine Cuba Rural Bolivia Urban Indonesia Honduras Urban Cameroon Bangladesh Rural Chad C. A. R. Education disparities in Nigeria 14 The case of Nigeria 12 10.3 years 10 years Rich, rural boys 9.7 years Rich, urban boys 10 Richest 20% Rich, rural girls Boys 8 Girls Average number of years of schooling (Age group 15-17 years) Nigeria Poor, urban boys 6.4 years 6.7 years 6 4 Education poverty Poorest 20% 3.5 years 3.3 years Poor, rural girls 2.6 years 2 Extreme education poverty Rural Hausa Poor, rural Hausa girls Source: UNESCO GMR 0 0.3 years 0.5 years

14. ‘Progress’ on child survival