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Driver Licensure

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Driver Licensure

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    1. Driver Licensure C. Raymond Bingham rbingham@umich.edu

    2. Overview History of US Driver Licensure History of US Driver Education Progress in Licensure and Safety

    4. History of Driver Licensure Initial motivation In some cases due to safety concerns Most cases apparently to raise revenue Drive license examination required later Early licenses cost $0.50 (6.31 2009 USD) Licenses issued at gas stations Washington requirement in 1921 Applicant provided two signatures: indicating they were competent drivers; and no physical problems that would impair driving

    5. History of Vehicle Registration Initial motivation to raise revenue Safety inspection of vehicles not required until much later New York was -- $1.00 (26.13 2009 USD) 954 vehicles registered in 1901 128 more in 1902 Issued as a metal disc motorist carried in their pocket

    6. History of Driver Education Rarely offered prior to 1937 C.E. Minnick 1938, 18 schools in Maryland, 1000 students 1940 American Association of School Administrators Yearbook Commission Recommended safety education in schools Specific inclusion of driver education First recognition of need for safety education by profession

    7. History of Driver Education Resulted in broad acceptance by school administrators 1947, >3000 schools, nearly 200,000 students 1965, >13,000 schools, >1.7 million students 68% offering 30 and 6 courses National Conference on Driver Education recommended a full semester

    8. History of Driver Education Effectiveness Early evaluations encouraging Studies made support the position that those completing a high school driver education course experience fewer accidents and/or are convicted of fewer violations than their age-mates not completing such an instructional program. (Source: Hartman, C H., 1969; Driver Education in the Schools) National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has taken the position that a quality High School Driver Education (HSDE) program is capable of a 10-15% effect in terms of reducing the probability of crash involvement among persons exposed to it. (Source: 1976, The Driver Education Evaluation Program (Deep) Study. A Report To The Congress)

    9. History of Driver Education Effectiveness Evaluations Many conducted by proponents of Driver Ed Little reliance on statistical comparisons Poorly controlled or completely uncontrolled Criteria used were not consistent No agreement on what outcomes to use No standard approach to measuring outcomes No consistency in the calculation and use of rates versus raw frequencies

    10. History of Driver Education Effectiveness DeKalb Study (1983) Funded by NHTSA, conducted by Batelle Many confounding variables Did not support a safety effect Recent reviews continue showing no safety effect of Driver Ed. (Source: Vernick, J. et al., 1999; Effects of high school driver education on motor vehicle crashes, violations, and licensure) What effect might Driver Ed. be having? Standardization of understanding of laws More predictable driving behavior Should Driver Ed. have a safety effect?

    11. Progress in Licensure and Safety Lots of variation in licensing laws Driver education optional Provisions for early licensure Earlier licensure correlates with higher crash rates Twenty-two states have laws providing for the issuance of a license to a person under the usual minimum licensing age if he has successfully completed an approved driver education course. (Source: 1967; Lower Licensing Age for Driver Education Students)

    12. Progress in Licensure and Safety Teen crash rate patterns predictable The need for instruction of youth and for adult supervision and monitoring of new young drivers for extended periods after licensing (Source: NTSB, 1971; Special Study - Youth and Traffic Safety Education.) Roberts noted (1981) that: Adult presence associated with lower crash rate; Recommended a higher licensure age and a nighttime restriction (Source: Roberts, L.A.; Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law) New Jersey's 17-year-old licensing law associated with reduced fatal crash involvement. Estimated 65 to 85 percent reduction in fatal crash involvement if the licensing age is increased from 16 to 17 Without increasing fatal crash rates at older ages (Source: Williams, A.F. et al., 1983; American Journal of Public Health)

    13. Progress in Licensure and Safety The concept of a graduated licensing system was first described by Pat Waller Idea based on research conducted at the University of North Carolina in 1970s. NHTSA developed model system in 1977. Never adopted at that time (Source: Simpson, H.M., 2003; Journal of Safety Research)

    14. Progress in Licensure and Safety Currently: Continued variation in driver licensure laws Parent-taught Discussion of providing DE over the Internet 49 states and DC have some form of GDL in place. Still, many are GDL in name only Short holding periods Short restriction intervals Weak restrictions Michigan, sadly, is falling behind other states

    15. Now What? Weve come a long way We have a long way to go Should consider role and expectations of Driver Education GDL is promising Jean Shope will provide more info on GDL this afternoon Stay tuned!

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