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Understanding Plate Tectonics and Natural Hazards: A Comprehensive Guide

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barth
45 diapositives · 572 Views · Jul 26, 2014

This revision session delves into the complexities of plate tectonics and the various natural hazards associated with them, including earthquakes and volcanic activities. Learn about the Earth's structure, the theory of continental drift, and the different types of plate boundaries. The session features case studies, discussions on effective hazard management, including the 4R's (Reduction, Readiness, Response, Recovery), and practical examples of earthquake engineering. Engage in activities that enhance understanding of volcanic and seismic phenomena and their effects on human life and infrastructure.

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  1. Revision Session Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards

  2. Last weeks question • Pass on your work to one of your peers. • Use the mark scheme to read through and mark the work. • Move papers on again and mark a second one • Do this one more time • Then retrieve your paper, mark it and see if you agree with the marks? • Discuss strengths and weaknesses • All have a look at the model answer • How does this compare with your work? • Write down 3 things you could do to improve your extended question answer

  3. Summary of Learning • The structure of the Earth (Lithosphere) • Theory of continental drift and plate tectonics • Converging Boundaries • Diverging Boundaries • Conservative Boundaries • The Hot Spot Theory • Structure of Volcanoes and where they occur • Earthquakes and where they occur

  4. Summary of Learning • The management of Natural Hazards (4R’s) • Predicting volcanic Activity • Case Studies for Volcanic Eruptions and Earthquakes • You will receive some case study material and I want you to construct a grid on the A3 paper you have. Summarise information on to grid so you can use this as a revision tool

  5. Volcanic Hazards • Discuss for 2 to 3 minutes or make a list of as many physical volcanic hazards as you can. • Can you give clear examples of where these Hazards have occurred… i.e which volcanoes? • Check them off as we work through them.

  6. Responding to an Earthquake • Which of the following are physical or human responses to Earthquakes • … successful Earthquake management depends upon a number of interacting variable .. Can you guess what they are .. You have 3 minutes …. to discuss and write a list. When we ago through the answers decide again if they are physical or human and put them in to 2 columns.

  7. Remember, physical or human preparedness

  8. Time of day

  9. Base Geology

  10. Ability to cope and react

  11. Location of epicentre

  12. Pinpointing the weaknesses in infrastructure

  13. Charting the recurrence interval

  14. Identification of localities prone to liquefaction/folding or faulting

  15. Efficiency of emergency services

  16. Building style

  17. Duration of the shake

  18. Depth of Focus

  19. Which of the following have you heard of? • Tuned Dampers • Rubber Bearings • Pendulum Bearings • Building height control • Spring foundations • Reinforced masonry with ductile joints to allow some bending • A light frame structure using wood • Use of concrete with pre stressed steel core • Cross bracing • What do they have in common? • Can you categorise them?

  20. They are examples of Earthquake engineering. Learn these as examples of Earthquake Engineering. The first 5 are examples of vibration control and the second 4 are examples of materials used in seismic construction.

  21. 4R’s Activity • Reduction • Readiness • Response • Recovery • Construct 4 boxes and add the following bits of information to the correct box

  22. Public Education

  23. Evacuations

  24. Community and civil contingency plans by government agencies

  25. Coordination and control

  26. Planning and Emergency Reviews

  27. Emergency Shelters

  28. Dealing with Injuries

  29. Schools and families undertaking awareness sessions led by government agencies and emergency services

  30. Restoring Infrastructure

  31. Making emergency finance available and providing insurance support

  32. Practising and maintaining communication systems such as the emergency services and checking and testing warning systems

  33. Practising and testing family and school defence plans

  34. Training officials and volunteers

  35. Evacuations

  36. Hazard planning and risk management analysis

  37. Communications

  38. Restoration and rebuilding

  39. Making emergency finance available and providing insurance support

  40. Progress Check • What is the difference between Oceanic and continental crust? • What is Isostacy? • What is the difference between basic and acid lava?

  41. Answers • Oceanic crust is denser • Relates to the buoyancy of the crusts material • Basic lava has less silica, moves quickly and is hotter

  42. Progress Check • What is a natural hazard? • Why are gas levels measured in a volcano? • How can the products of volcanic eruptions be successfully used?

  43. Answers • It has potential to cause loss of life and property • Increase in gas levels suggest an imminent eruption • Building blocks and fertile soils and power generation

  44. Progress Check • Why is it that not all earthquake events result in disasters? • Name two factors that the magnitude and intensity of Earthquakes depend on? • Outline why the effects of Earthquakes are different in MEDC’s and LEDC’s

  45. Answers • With no population there can be no disaster • The depth of focus, the number of buildings on the surface, the numbers of people present and the type of rock – hard rock absorbs/soft rock amplifies. • See case studies ..!