1. Glaciation Revision Session National 4/5 Geography

2. What you need to know… • Formation of Glacial Landforms: • Corrie • Arêtes & Pyramidal Peaks • U-Shaped Valley • Hanging Valley • Identification of Landforms • O.S. Maps • Photographs • Land Use • Explain Land Use Suitability • Land Use Conflicts • Solutions to Conflict

3. What evidence is there that this is a glaciated landscape?

4. Corries

5. Arêtes & Pyramidal Peaks

6. U-Shaped Valleys

7. Glacier Formation Glaciers form when snow is compressed by the weight of more snow falling on top of it. The snow is first compressed into firn crystals. It is then further compressed into glacial ice.

8. Processes of Glacial Erosion Freeze Thaw (Frost Shattering) Water in cracks in the rock freezes and expands. After many cycles of freezing and thawing lumps of rock are broken off. Plucking Glacier ice freezes into cracks in rocks and when the glacier moves it pulls out chunks to leave a jagged surface. Abrasion Rocks stuck in the ice grind away the bedrock under the glacier.

9. Corrie Formation During Glaciation: The hollow is deepened and steepened by the glacier. Plucking steepens the backwall and abrasion (sandpaper effect) hollows out the bottom. Freeze thaw above the glacier also steepens the backwall. After Glaciation: Once the Glacier melts a corrie is left behind. This is an armchair shape with 3 steep sides and 1 open one. A tarn or lochan may be found in the bottom. Before Glaciation: Snow collects in a natural hollow on the North side of a mountain. The weight of the snow eventually compresses the snow underneath, turning it into ice.

10. Arêtes & Pyramidal Peaks Arêtes are formed when 2 corries are found back to back. Pluckingand freeze thaw action erodes the backwall of both corries towards each other. A steep knife-edged ridge of rock is created. Where 3 or more corries are located in the same mountainside a pyramidal peak will form.

11. U-Shaped Valley When a glacier erodes its valley, a classic U shape is formed, with steep side walls and a wide flat valley floor. U shaped valleys start life as V shaped river valleys that existed before glaciation. Plucking and freeze-thaw action truncate spurs of rock and steepen the valley sides. Abrasion deepens and flattens the valley floor. Over time the valley also becomes straighter.

12. Ribbon Lochs At some points in the U-shaped valley, glaciers erode more deeply than elsewhere because: • the rock was softer and more easily eroded or • the ice was thicker at this point and therefore more powerful. Where ice did this, it would create an overdeepened hollow which after glaciation filled with meltwater to become a Ribbon Loch. The lake takes on the same shape as the valley in which it was formed – so tends to be long and quite narrow.

13. Exam Style Question With the aid of a diagram, explain the formation of a corrie. (6 marks) Tips: • Divide your answer into 3 sections: • Before Glaciation • During Glaciation • After Glaciation • Include an explanation of the processes taking place (plucking and abrasion)

14. Sample Answer: Corrie Formation Before Glaciation: Corries form in bowl like hollows on the NE sides of mountains (1). A small hollow on the side of a mountain will start to fill with snow all year round as temperatures get persistently colder (1). Over the years this snow will be compressed by the weight of further snow fall to form firn (1) and eventually glacial ice (1). During Glaciation: The glacier erodes by three different processes. Freeze thaw weathering (1) occurs mainly at the top of the back wall (1). Water enters cracks in the rock, freezes and expands, putting pressure on the sides. Repeated freeze thaw will eventually cause the rock to split and break up, so that it falls down the back of the glacier (1). About mid height of the back wall plucking(1) takes place, this is when water trickles into cracks and again freezes. This time the ice forms a bond between the rock and the glacier itself. As the glacier moves along it literally plucks the rocks attached to it out of the cliff (1). Some of the rock remains stuck to the glacier. At the base of the corrie the erosion is dominated by abrasion (1), where rocks embedded in the glacier are dragged along the rock surface, eroding it make it smooth and bowl shaped (1). After Glaciation: When the glacier melts it leaves behind a steep backwall and a deep bowl (1), which often fills in with water forming a lochan or a tarn (1).

15. Sample Answer: Corrie Formation Before Glaciation: Corries form in bowl like hollows on the NE sides of mountains (1). A small hollow on the side of a mountain will start to fill with snow all year round as temperatures get persistently colder (1). Over the years this snow will be compressed by the weight of further snow fall to form firn (1) and eventually glacial ice (1). During Glaciation: The glacier erodes by three different processes. Freeze thaw weathering (1) occurs mainly at the top of the back wall (1). Water enters cracks in the rock, freezes and expands, putting pressure on the sides. Repeated freeze thaw will eventually cause the rock to split and break up, so that it falls down the back of the glacier (1). About mid height of the back wall plucking(1) takes place, this is when water trickles into cracks and again freezes. This time the ice forms a bond between the rock and the glacier itself. As the glacier moves along it literally plucks the rocks attached to it out of the cliff (1). Some of the rock remains stuck to the glacier. At the base of the corrie the erosion is dominated by abrasion (1), where rocks embedded in the glacier are dragged along the rock surface, eroding it make it smooth and bowl shaped (1). After Glaciation: When the glacier melts it leaves behind a steep backwall and a deep bowl (1), which often fills in with water forming a lochan or a tarn (1).

16. What evidence is there that this is a glaciated landscape?

17. Corrie Pyramidal Peak Hanging Valley U-Shaped Valley Arête Ribbon Lake

18. Land Use in Glaciated Areas

19. Land Use Suitability in Glaciated Areas Hill Sheep Farming • Cold & wet climate – poor for growing crops. • Steep slopes unsuited for growing crops. • Thin soils are not fertile enough to grow crops. Tourism • Amazing scenery for tourist. • Many great routes for hill-walkers.

21. Land Use Conflicts Why do you think these two land uses might be in conflict with each other? What solutions can you suggest to deal with this conflict? V

22. Land Use Solutions Problem: Footpath Erosion Solutions: • Routes signposted. • Stones laid on footpaths. • Footpaths fenced off from fields. • New routes planned away from affected areas. Problem: Litter & Vandalism Solutions: • Designated picnic areas with litter bins. • Park Wardens supervise and educate.