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Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy. The Human Brain. I. Directional Terms. Dorsal - “toward the back.” Ventral - “towards the stomach or bottom.” Anterior – “towards the front.” Posterior - “towards the rear or back.”. Terms contd. Rostral – “towards front nostrils.” Caudal - “towards the tail.”

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Neuroanatomy

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  1. Neuroanatomy The Human Brain

  2. I. Directional Terms • Dorsal- “toward the back.” • Ventral- “towards the stomach or bottom.” • Anterior – “towards the front.” • Posterior- “towards the rear or back.”

  3. Terms contd. • Rostral – “towards front nostrils.” • Caudal- “towards the tail.” • Superior- “top of head” • Inferior- “bottom of head” • Lateral – “to the side” • Medial – “to the middle” • Ipsilateral – “same side” • Contralateral – “opposite side”

  4. Anterior view of brain

  5. Posterior view of the brain

  6. Lateral view of Right side of brain

  7. Lateral view of Left Side of brain

  8. Dorsal (Superior) view

  9. Ventral (inferior) view

  10. II. Brain Slices: • 1. Coronal – slices brain from front to back. Resembles a butterfly in most slices.

  11. Brain slices (contd) • 2. Sagittal (midsagittal) – slices the brain down the midline so you can see what’s on each half.

  12. Brain slices • 3. Horizontal – slices the brain from top to bottom.

  13. III. Planes of brain:

  14. IV. Cortical Landmarks • 1. Gyrus (gyri) – bulges on the brain’s surface. • 2. Sulcus (sulci) – a small ridge in the cortex. • 3. Fissure (s) – a large ridge in the cortex.

  15. A. Gyri:

  16. B. Sulci- Central sulcus- separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe.

  17. C. Fissures- • 1. Sylvian (Lateral Fissure)- Large ridge that separates temporal lobe from other lobes.

  18. Fissures (contd.) • 2. Longitudinal fissure – separates left & right hemispheres. • Left Right

  19. V. CNS & PNS terms • Nuclei – cell bodies in the CNS. • Ganglion – cell bodies in the PNS • Tracts – Axon bundles in the CNS • Nerves – Axon bundles in the PNS

  20. Terms contd. • White matter –composed of axon bundles. Is white because of the myelin sheaths (white fatty tissue) that cover the axons. • Gray matter – composed of clusters of cell bodies, have dark gray appearance from cell body structures.

  21. VI. Three Divisions of the Brain • 1. Hindbrain – oldest part of brain, governs basic functions (breathing, regulates heart beat). • 2. Midbrain – involved in some perceptual & motor functions. • 3. Forebrain – governs all higher-order level functions (problem solving, planning, emotion regulation, language).

  22. VII. The Hindbrain- • consists of the medulla, pons, & cerebellum.

  23. A. Medulla (oblongata): • a structure just above spinal cord. Controls & regulates vital reflexes for survival (respiration, HR, vomiting, salivation, coughing, & sneezing). • Damage to the Medulla is almost always fatal.

  24. B. Pons: • An enlarged protrusion anterior to the medulla. Both pons & medulla form reticular formation & raphe system. • Plays a role in arousal & dreaming.

  25. C. Cerebellum: (means little brain) • Large hindbrain structure that is posterior to the brainstem. • Governs motor functions, motor memory.

  26. VIII. The Midbrain Most obvious feature is the tectum (“roof”). Two pairs of bumps on tectum: Superior colliculi (vision) Inferior colliculi (audition) Substantia nigra—part of basal ganglia, involved in movement (Parkinson’s disease).

  27. IX. The Forebrain • Consists of subcortical and cortical structures. • 1. Subcortical structures include the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, & basal ganglia.

  28. A. Thalamus- • A large two-lobed structure that sits on top of the brainstem. Is brain’s sensory relay station. • Several nuclei receive sensory input & send that input to parts of the cortex. • Nuclei: Lateral geniculate nuceli (visual), medial geniculate nuceli (auditory) & ventral posterior nuclei (somatosensory)

  29. Thalamus

  30. B. Hypothalamus • Is ventral to the thalamus. Receives projections from the fornix in its mammilary bodies. • Function: regulation • Of basic motivational • Drives (sex, hunger, • thirst, fighting).

  31. C. Limbic system • Comprised of the fornix, hippocampus, amygdala, septum, & cingulate gyrus.

  32. Limbic system • Fornix (“arch”) is the major pathway of the limbic system; projects in an arc from the hippocampus into mammilary bodies of the hypothalamus. • Hippocampus “seahorse” is the structure that lies in between the cortex & thalamus, rests in the temporal lobe; plays a large role in LTM storage.

  33. Limbic system • Amygdala – “almond” lies anterior to the hippocampus, is involved in basic emotions (fear, anger).

  34. 2. Cortical structures- • Lobes of the brain

  35. Occipital lobe • Most posterior portion of brain. Processes visual sensory information. • Houses primary visual cortex (striate cortex). • Damage to PVC can cause • “cortical blindness.”

  36. B. Parietal lobe • Is posterior to the frontal lobe & dorsal to temporal lobe. Processes visual & tactile sensory information. • Houses primary • Somatosensory cortex • Which receives sensory • Info from skin.

  37. C. Temporal lobe • Processes auditory and visual information. Houses primary auditory cortex—the primary projection site for auditory stimuli. • Language, face recognition, • & processing of sounds • Occurs here.

  38. D. Frontal lobe: • Processes information for planning, executive control, fine movement, emotion regulation, higher-order cognitive functions.

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