1 / 42

Constitution of Michigan of 1963

Revolution, Evolution, and Decline: Michigan K-12 School Finance Since Proposal A of 1994 School Funding Workshop State Board of Education Lansing February 17, 2010 Michael Addonizio, Wayne State University. Constitution of Michigan of 1963. Article VIII – Education Sec. 1

baxter
Télécharger la présentation

Constitution of Michigan of 1963

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Revolution, Evolution, and Decline: Michigan K-12 School Finance Since Proposal A of 1994School Funding WorkshopState Board of EducationLansingFebruary 17, 2010Michael Addonizio, Wayne State University

  2. Constitution of Michigan of 1963 Article VIII – Education • Sec. 1 • Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. • Sec. 2 • The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free public elementary and secondary schools as defined by law. Every school district shall provide for the education of its pupils without discrimination as to religion, creed, race, color or national origin.

  3. State Policy Choices: Revenues • The “Big 3”: • Property tax • Sales tax • Income tax Other Sources: • Business taxes • Excise taxes (e.g., tobacco, alcohol, etc.) • Lotteries

  4. Constitution of Michigan of 1963Article IX – Finance and Taxation • Sec 3 …A law that increases the statutory limits in effect as of Feb. 1, 1994 on the maximum amount of ad valorem property taxes that may be levied for school district operating purposes requires the approval of ¾ of the members elected to and serving in the Senate and in the House of Representatives. • Sec. 7 - No income tax graduated as to rate or base shall be imposed by the state or any of its subdivisions.

  5. FY 2008-09 School Revenue

  6. FY 2009-10 School Revenue

  7. Federal Revenue • No Child Left Behind = $753.0 million • Special Education = $424.7 million • Free and Reduced Lunch = $332.5 million • Other Federal Revenue = $51.8 million

  8. Local Operating Revenue • 18 Mills Non-Homestead = $2,189.8 million • Special Education Mills = $1,045.4 million • Vocational Education Mills = $203.7 million • ISD Operating Mills = $62.8 million

  9. School Aid Fund (SAF) • SAF provides nearly all state K-12 funding. • Designated taxes earmarked for deposit into SAF for school operations. • MI Constitution requires that SAF be used exclusively for schools, higher education, and school employee retirement benefits. • SAF received approximately $11.4 billion for FY 2008-09.

  10. FY 2008-09 SAF Revenue

  11. SAF Revenue History

  12. State Policy Choices: Distribution • Guaranteed Tax Base (GTB) formula • Local voters select tax rate and spending level • State guarantees a minimum per pupil revenue yield per mill of tax effort • Foundation Formula State sets tax and spending level

  13. Michigan K-12 Finance, circa 1993, GTB • Local Property Tax Covers 2/3 of Operating Revenues • 122 Districts within 4 Mills of Constitutional Limit • Rich Schools, Poor Schools • Onaway with $3,277 PP @ 22.66 mills • Ypsilanti with $5,919 PP @ 43.68 mills • Bloomfield Hills w/ $10,358 @ 24.41 mills

  14. Proposal A Goals • Reduce, but not eliminate per pupil gaps • Reduce & limit property tax for operations • Reduce local share of operations costs • Increase state funds and state share • Provide greater stability in funding

  15. Foundation Growth, 1993-94 Pre-A Foundation Base through 2008-09

  16. Foundation Levels

  17. Per-Pupil Foundation Levels

  18. School Aid FY 2009-10 • $165 reduction in foundation ($263 million) • 20% cut in ISD operations aid ($16.3 million) • $32.8 million reduction in categorical aid • Governor vetoed Sec. 20J payments, reducing aid to 39 districts by $51.5 million • Additional $127 foundation cut withdrawn, along with $8.8 million cut in ISD aid

  19. State K-12 Membership History

  20. K-12 Membership History, updated

  21. State and Local Revenue for School Operations, 1978-79 through 2007-08

  22. Measuring A’s Success • Clear reduction in per pupil gaps • Property taxes clearly reduced & limited • Major change in state / local share • Clear shift to state financing • Revenue stability has suffered for many districts

  23. Improved Finances for Many Traditional Districts thru FY 04 • Significant and dramatic increases in fund balances for most traditional districts • Sources a combination of foundation increases, pension re-financing, “Durant” settlement, enrollment growth and district management practices • Increases now eroding for many districts

  24. Total Fund Balance as Percent of Current Operating Expenditures – Traditional Districts and Public School Academies

  25. Enrollment Patterns Have Become a Critical Finance Issue • Growing enrollment usually results in good fiscal health • Declining enrollment often results in fiscal problems • Majority of districts and pupils now in decline status • Very, very few districts are steady growers

  26. Enrollment Patterns, cont. • Declining enrollment not just an urban issue • Significant declines in rural and small city /towns/older suburbs • 80% of all traditional districts now face declining enrollments

  27. Property Taxes Limited • The assessment cap critical • Also limitations on local school options for operations • Only two ISDs with “enhancement” mills • Very few enhancement elections held • Overall limitation from ¾ vote requirement to change millage limits

  28. From Equity to Adequacy • After years of unexpectedly large foundation increases, years of flat to reduced foundations • Did over-optimism of late 90’s create unrealistic expectations? • Enactment of numerous tax exemptions that reduced growth potential of SAF • Replacement funds, largely tobacco taxes, are long-term decliners • Total revenue declines with enrollment

  29. Challenges • Capital funding • Declining enrollment from population decline and shifts • Impact of charters and choice on traditional district enrollment • Tax policy and erosion in the revenue base • Impacts of personnel and fringe costs-productivity gap

  30. Capital Funding for K-12 • Proposal A made up-front decision to NOT attempt capital funding reform • Assumption that dramatic cut in property taxes would make it easier for some districts to obtain financing until such time as a solution could be developed • Data on increased bonding and debt millages clearly indicates that happened • Now the next challenge

  31. The Challenge of Declining Enrollment • Declining enrollment-in a traditional district or a charter school-virtually guarantees financial difficulty-very quickly • It’s much harder to manage down than to manage growth • Strong consideration needs to be given to change pupil count to a one year lag

  32. Tax Policy Changes Impact SAF Revenues • Legislation did hold SAF harmless from recent income tax rate cuts (by pushing burden completely on GFGP) • Legislation has not held SAF harmless from dozens of base exemptions and other changes that have added up to hundreds of millions of reduced income • SAF does not have the same tax base it had in 1994

  33. U.S. and Michigan Unemployment Rates, 2000 - 2009

  34. History of Michigan Jobs

  35. History of Deficit Districts

  36. MPSERS School Contribution RatesFY 1995-96 through FY 2008-09

  37. MPSERS Costs per Pupil, FY 1998-99 through FY 2007-08

  38. New Challenges • Increasing mandatory school attendance age from 16 to 18 • Universal, high-quality early education • Importance of non-school human services • Rational tax policy: • Fairness • Stability • Efficiency • Adequacy

More Related