Prologue- Rise of Democratic Ideas

1. Prologue- Rise of Democratic Ideas Standard 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles In ancient Greek and Roman philosophy to the development of Western Political thought Standard 10.1.1 Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo- Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties Of the individual Standard 10.1.2 Trace the development of the Western political ideas Of the rule of laws and illegitimacy of tyranny from Plato’s Republic And Aristotle’s Politics Section 1 Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome

2. City-States Democracy – “rule of the people” Athens Builds a Limited Democracy

3. How did each of these Athenian leaders contribute to the development of democracy?

4. Types of GovernmentChart p. 6 • Monarchy- king,hereditary, “divine right” • Aristocracy- nobility, hereditary, wealth • Oligarchy- small group rules

5. How did Solonexpand democracy? Who was not allowed to become a citizen in Athens? Why was Cleisthenes considered the founder of democracy? Solon and Cleisthenes Supreme Court Building – Washington D.C. This is Solon!

6. Pericles • How did Pericles strengthen democracy? • What is the difference between a directand indirectdemocracy? • Why did democracy end in Athens?

7. Why did democracy end in Athens? • Peloponnesian War • Athens v. Sparta • Invasion by Macedonia "A house divided against itself cannot stand.“ – Abraham Lincoln (1858)

8. Why do some historians believe that Athens was not a “true democracy?” • Not considered citizens • Women • Slaves • Foreign residents

9. Greek Philosophers Use Reason • Philosophy – “love of wisdom” Socrates

10. The Role of Government • Philosophers of ancient Greece were especially concerned with the proper role of government • Tyranny- what is it? And why is it dangerous? "one who rules without law, looks to his own advantage rather than that of his subjects, and uses extreme and cruel tactics -- against his own people as well as others"

11. What do Plato and Ice Cube have in common? • “The unexamined life is not worth living” • “You better check yo self before you wreck yo self” - 1993 399 B.C.

12. Plato • The Republic – describes a perfectly governed society. • Who should rule? • philosopher-kings! • Why?

13. Plato’s Republic An ideal society consists of three main classes of people—producers (craftsmen, farmers, artisans, etc.), auxiliaries (warriors), and guardians (rulers); a society is just when relations between these three classes are right. Each group must perform its appropriate function, and only that function, and each must be in the right position of power in relation to the others. Rulers must rule, auxiliaries must uphold rulers’ convictions, and producers must limit themselves to exercising whatever skills nature granted them (farming, blacksmithing, painting, etc.)

14. Aristotle • Politics – the middle class should govern society. • Why?

15. Politics • “the middle class is large, there are least likely to be factions and dissensions” • “for when there is not a middle class, and the poor greatly exceed in number, troubles arise” • “for the rich and the poor will never consent to rule in turn, because they mistrust one another” • “and he who is in the middle is the arbiter”

16. Legacy of Greece • Used reason to solve problems • Developed direct democracy to allow citizens to actively participate in government. • 3 branches of government (why?) • Jury system 5. Fear of tyranny!! Why!

17. Aristotle: In Search of the Best Constitution • What did all the delegates at the Constitutional Convention have in common? • Describe an ancient Greek constitution. • Why did Aristotle believe that kings should not possess absolute power? • What is a tyrant? • Define aristocracy and oligarchy. • Why did Aristotle believe that democracy was dangerous? • According to Aristotle, what was the best constitution? • Overall, do you agree or disagree with Aristotle. Be specific in your answer.

18. Rome’s contribution to Western Civilization • Latin language. • Still used for law, medicine, publishing,and academic writing • Basis of the modern languages: French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian

19. Rome’s contribution to Western Civilization • Road building. • Roman roads – Basis for modern systems in terms of routes. • Building techniques used today, albeit with different materials.

20. Rome’s contribution to Western Civilization • Construction. • Invented concrete • Still basis of all modern large scale construction projects • Also built new towns and cities on a grid design • Done globally today

21. Rome Develops a Republic509 BC-44 BC

22. A republicform of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to elect the leaders who make governmental decisions

23. Patricians –landowners who held most of the power. Plebeians – common farmers, merchants. Were citizens and allowed to vote. However, could not hold many government positions. The Republic of Rome

24. Twelve Tables • Roman laws were carved on 12 tablets and publicly displayed. • Why is the formation of a written law code necessary in a democratic government? • Established the idea that all free citizens had the right to protection of the laws and that the laws would be fair to all.

25. Legislative branch made up of the Senate Senate was made up of only patricians. Republican Government

26. Principles of Roman Law • All citizens had the right to equal treatment • Innocent until proven guilty • Burden of proof rested with the accuser • All laws should be based on reason. All of these principles are seen in The U.S. Constitution and The Bill of Rights

27. Roman Empire Period44 BC-AD 476 (Western Part)

28. Written Legal CodeAD 525 – Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire Code of Justinian “a government of laws, not of men” Even rulers are held accountable for their actions

29. Legacy of Rome • Republic • An individual is a citizen in a state and not the subject of a ruler • Written legal code applied equally to all citizens

30. Prologue, Section 1 Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome- copy questions, answer in complete sentences From Kingdom to Republic • Define republic • Which type of democracy is a republic? • What is a patrician? What is a plebian? Twelve Tables • What was the significance of the Twelve Tables? Republican Government • Who made up the legislative branch? Roman Law • List the 4 important principles of Roman Law A Written Legal Code • How did Emperor Justinian contribute to Roman Law? • Explain the meaning of “a government of laws, not men.” Legacy • Make a list of Rome’s contributions to democracy. • Answer in a paragraph – What are the positives and negatives of a democracy?

31. Prologue – Section 1 quiz • A system for controlling society • “rule of the people” • Which type of government was the Greek city-state of Athens? • Athenian leader who created a Council of 400 and allowed all free adult male citizens to participate in government • “love of wisdom” • The name of Plato’s book which stated that philosopher-kings should rule • In the book Politics, Aristotle said this part of society should rule • The first society to develop the 3 branches of government • A king can turn into a ________ if he abuses his authority • Form of government in which citizens elect representatives • The birthplace of indirect democracy • Term for the common people of ancient Rome who were originally denied from holding many government positions • Written law code publicly displayed in ancient Rome that established the idea that all free citizens had the right to protection of the laws • Roman emperor who created a code of laws which established the idea of ‘a government of laws, not of men” • According to Aristotle, an aristocracy turns into a ___________ when it rules for the benefit of the rich

32. Prologue- Section 1 quiz • Democracy • Republic • Monarchy • Oligarchy • Direct democracy • government • Pericles • Solon • Cleisthenes • Upper class • Middle class • Lower class • Plato • Aristotle • Philosophy • Reason • Greece • Rome • Senate • Patricians • Plebeians • Tyrant • Twelve Tables • NONE OF THE ABOVE

33. How did the Renaissance contribute to the development of individual rights? Renaissance( #1-4) • Definition • Where did it begin? • When did it begin? • Inspired by ? • Where did the people of the Renaissance direct their energy? • The new emphasis on individual opportunity led to an increase interest in what? • What is the relationship between the Renaissance and the development of democracy?

34. How did the Protestant Reformation advance the cause of individual rights? • Define Reformation • Why did religious reformers begin to challenge the Church? • How did the invention of the printing press contribute to the Reformation? • How did the Reformation increase the power of the individual? • Which ideas contributed to the development of modern individualism? • How did the Reformation contribute to the development of democracy?

35. Unit 1 Review questions • Directions: Copy questions and answer in complete sentences. Each answer should be a paragraph with an introductory sentence, a body, and a conclusion. • What are the 3 branches of the U.S. government and what are their responsibilities? • Who did Aristotle say should rule? Why? • How did the ancient Greeks contribute to the development of democracy? • How did the ancient Romans contribute to the development of democracy? • How did each of the 3 monotheistic religions contribute to the development of democracy? • Why was the Magna Carta important to democracy? • Define Renaissance and Reformation. Why were each of these events important to democracy?