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Lecture. Loptson:. “ To affirm that blacks tend to be better basketball players than non-blacks, and that this is not primarily a matter of socialization or culture, is not racist. It is not racist in part because it is true” (p. 155)
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Loptson: • “To affirm that blacks tend to be better basketball players than non-blacks, and that this is not primarily a matter of socialization or culture, is not racist. It is not racist in part because it is true” (p. 155) • Teo: It may not be racist. It may be true - it may be untrue. • The logical problem • Distributions of “races” • Mixed race • Americacentrism • Subculture
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development • Lawrence Kohlberg stressed that moral development is based primarily on moral reasoning and unfolds in stages. • Cognitive-developmental theory: longitudinal research studied children (American boys) from age 10/13/16 over 20 years. • Kohlberg used a unique interview in which participants are presented with a series of stories in which characters face moral dilemmas.
Heinz Dilemma • In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money and tried every legal means, but he could only get together about $2,000, which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying, and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So, having tried every legal means, Heinz gets desperate and considers breaking into the man's store to steal the drug for his wife. • Should Heinz steal the drug? Why or why not?
Judy Dilemma • Judy was a twelve-year-old girl. Her mother promised her that she could go to a special rock concert coming to their town if she saved up from baby-sitting and lunch money to buy a ticket to the concert. She managed to save up the fifteen dollars the ticket cost plus another five dollars. But then her mother changed her mind and told Judy that she had to spend the money on new clothes for school. Judy was disappointed and decided to go to the concert anyway. She bought a ticket and told her mother that she had only been able to save five dollars. That Saturday she went to the performance and told her mother that she was spending the day with a friend. A week passed without her mother finding out. Judy then told her older sister, Louise, that she had gone to the performance and had lied to her mother about it. Louise wonders whether to tell their mother what Judy did. • Should Louise, the older sister, tell their mother that Judy lied about the money or should she keep quiet? Why or why not?
Kohlberg: A Piagetian • Kohlberg was actually less interested in the subject's decision (that is, what Heinz should have done) than in the underlying rationale, or "thought structures," that the subject used to justify his decision. • Moral growth progresses through an invariant sequence. • Kohlberg argued that each stage derives form the previous stage, incorporates and transforms that stage, and prepares for the next change. • Kohlberg believed that moral stages are universal.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development • Level 1: Preconventional Level • Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality • Stage 2: Individualism, Purpose, and Exchange • Level 2: Conventional Level • Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity • Stage 4: Social System Morality • Level 3: Postconventional Level • Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights • Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Results • Moral reasoning developed very gradually, with use of preconventional reasoning (Stages 1 and 2) declining sharply in adolescence--the same period in which conventional reasoning (Stages 3 and 4) is on the rise. • Conventional reasoning remained the dominant form of moral expression in young adulthood with very few subjects ever moving beyond it to postconventional morality (Stage 5). • Stage 3 or 4 is the end of the developmental journey for most individuals worldwide.
Moral Thought and Moral Behavior • Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for placing too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behavior. • Moral reasons can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior. • Cheaters and thieves may know what is right yet still do what is wrong.
Culture and Moral Development • Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for being culturally biased. • Moral reasoning is more culture-specific than Kohlberg envisioned. • Many psychological studies of adolescence have emerged in the context of Western industrialized society, with the practical needs and social norms of this culture dominating thinking about all adolescents.
Gender and the Care Perspective • Kohlberg’s theory is a justice perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals stand alone and independently make moral decisions. • The care perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
Gender and the Care Perspective (con’t) • Carol Gilligan believed Kohlberg greatly under-played the care perspective in moral development, due to being male, using males for his research, and basing his theory on male responses. • Gilligan’s research found that girls interpret moral dilemmas in terms of human relationships. • Other research has found that the gender differences in moral reasoning are not existent.
