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Commodity Destabilisation and General Awareness

Commodity Destabilisation and General Awareness. Destabilising Commodities. “ Fuel, fund or facilitate conflict ”. Destabilising Commodities. Destabilizing commodities, directly or indirectly , are perceived to contribute to violence and social/ political insecurity. War Economies.

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Commodity Destabilisation and General Awareness

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  1. Commodity Destabilisation and General Awareness

  2. Destabilising Commodities “Fuel, fund or facilitate conflict”

  3. Destabilising Commodities • Destabilizing commodities, directly or indirectly, are perceived to contribute to violence and social/ political insecurity

  4. War Economies • War economy: economic activities organised to finance war • “The perpetuation of war can become an end in itself, providing and justifying the use of violent means to create or sustain economic profits and political power” • ODI Network Paper 33, July 2000

  5. War Economy Examples • Angola, 1992 - 2002: • UNITA (National Union for Total Independence of Angola • During 1997-97 UNITA estimated to have exported diamonds worth nearly $2bn • DRC, 1997 – To Date: • 80% of cassiterite from conflict zones transported by air • Strong link between coltan and arms transport

  6. Air Transport – Key Link in the Chain Embargoed armed groups Arms brokers Mining Refineries Narcotics Underworld markets

  7. Air Transport – Key Link in the Chain Embargoed armed groups Transfer documentation Arms brokers AWACS/ Land/ Maritime Radar Airport records Mining Refineries Narcotics Underworld markets Aircraft ownership databases Airport traffic control records

  8. Avoiding Detection • Re-register companies listed on “watch lists” under a different name • Switch aircraft between countries • Complex business structures • Operate in countries with lax controls

  9. Company Registration Jet Line International company address: an apartment in Kiev with no visible company sign

  10. Air Cargo Carrier Characteristics • What qualities do arms traffickers look for in an air transport provider? • What qualities do humanitarian organizations look for in an air transport provider?

  11. Carriers that Raise Ethical Issues Blue Bird Badr Airlines Aerolift

  12. Characteristics / Warning Signs

  13. Bangkok Case Study (1 of 8) Between 1997 and 2009 this aircraft operated under at least eight different companies which have been named in open source arms trafficking reports.

  14. Bangkok Case Study (2 of 8) Weapons Consignment (“Oil industry parts”) Crew 4 Kazakhs, 1 Belarusian, normally work for Zykov Ilyushin IL 76 – seized in Bangkok, 12 Dec 2009 Plane leased from Union Top Management Ltd (UTM), formed Nov 2009 in Hong Kong.

  15. Bangkok Case Study (3 of 8) Aerotrack Ltd, Ukraine: Consignee (unknown company) Weapons Consignment (“Oil industry parts”) Korean General Trading Corporation, North Korea: Shipper (unknown company)

  16. Bangkok Case Study (4 of 8) Crew 4 Kazakhs, 1 Belarusian, normally work for Zykov East Wing (ex GST Aero), Kazakhstan, menitoned in UN Sanctions Reports 2008/09 Alexander Zykov (Owner, East Wing)

  17. Bangkok Case Study (5 of 8) Plane leased from Union Top Management Ltd (UTM), formed Nov 2009 in Hong Kong. Dario Cabreros Garmendia (Unknown founder of UTM, based in Barcelona) Plane provided to UTM by SP Trading. SP Trading formed Jul/Nov 2009, New Zealand

  18. Bangkok Case Study (6 of 8) Dario Cabreros Garmendia (Unknown founder of UTM, based in Barcelona) Acoto Ltd, a ‘secretary firm’: provides board members and company registration service for UTM Easytime Development Ltd – incorporates UTM in Hong Kong Global King Ventures Ltd (BVI) – shareholder in Easytime

  19. Bangkok Case Study (7 of 8) Lu Zhang (Sole director, provides incorporation service Yury Lunyov (Founder, SP Trading) Business Associate Plane provided by SP Trading to UTM. SP Trading formed Jul/Nov 2009, New Zealand Plane provided to SP Trading by Air West, Georgia Plane actually owned by Overseas Cargo FZE, UAE Levan Kakabadze (Owner, Air West) Svetlana Zykov (Owner, Overseas Cargo)

  20. Bangkok Case Study (8 of 8) Weapons Consignment (“Oil industry parts”) Alexander Zykov, East Wing Ilyushin IL 76 – seized in Bangkok, 12 Dec 2009 Crew Dario Cabreros Garmendia, UTM Plane leased from UTM Married Yury Lunyov, SP Trading) SP Trading provides plane to UTM. Business Associate Levan Kakabadze, Air West Air West provide Plane to SP Trading Svetlana Zykov, Overseas Cargo Plane owned by Overseas Cargo

  21. Hewa Bora Case Study • Commission Regulation (EC) No 1144/2009 of 26 November 2009 • Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the DRC S/2009/603 • Commission Regulation (EC) No 331/2008 of 11 April 2008 • Report of the Panel of Experts Pursuant to Resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the DRC S/2008/773 • Commission Regulation (EC) No 235/2007 of 5 March 2007 • Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006 of 22 March 2006 • Security Council letter pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the DRC S/2006/53

  22. Initiatives to Address the Problem • European Union • EthicalCargo

  23. EU Air Safety Regulations

  24. EthicalCargo.org

  25. Questions

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