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Sensation and Perception

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Sensation and Perception. Unit 4. Sensation. Sensation vs. Perception. Steps to sensation. 1. Accessory Structures 2. Transduction 3. Sensory Neurons 4. Thalamus or Amygdala 5. Cerbral Cortex. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing.

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Sensation and Perception

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  1. Sensation and Perception Unit 4

  2. Sensation • Sensation vs. Perception

  3. Steps to sensation • 1. Accessory Structures • 2. Transduction • 3. Sensory Neurons • 4. Thalamus or Amygdala • 5. Cerbral Cortex

  4. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing

  5. Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jkaSIOqUgY

  6. Sensation • Psychophysics • Absolute threshold • http://www.garyfisk.com/anim/threshold.swf • Signal Detection theory • Difference threshold • Just noticeable difference • Weber’s Law • Sensory Adaptation

  7. Sensation • Subliminal Stimulation

  8. Primary Sense Areas

  9. Taste/Gustation • Chemical Sense • Receptors • Taste buds • Primary tastes • sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami • Flavor

  10. Smell/Olfaction • Emotion • Amygdala • Chemical • Receptors • Olfactory rods • Cilia • Primary Odors • Anosmia • Gender • Age

  11. Vision • Light Waves • Frequency • Amplitude

  12. Parts of the Eye • Cornea • Pupil • Iris • Lens • Retina

  13. Eye, cont. • Receptors • Cones • Rods • Fovea • Blind Spot • Optic Nerve • Afterimages

  14. Theories of Vision • Parallel Processing • Young-Helmholtz • Trichromatic theory • Opponent-Process Theory

  15. Optical Defects • Nearsightedness • Farsightedness • Night-blindness • Colorblindness

  16. Hearing • Sound Waves • Frequency • Pitch • Hertz • Amplitude • Loudness • Decibels

  17. Parts of the Ear • Outer Ear • Auditory Canal • Middle Ear • Eardrum • Hammer • Anvil • Stirrup • Inner Ear • Cochlea • Basilar Membrane • Cilia • Auditory Nerve http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O-adw-HyrQ

  18. Theories of Hearing • Place Theory • Frequency- Matching theory • aka Volley Principle

  19. Hearing Disabilities • Conduction Deafness • Nerve Deafness • Aka sensorineural hearing loss • Cochlear implant

  20. Vestibular Sense • Equilibrium • Inner ear • Semicircular canals • Vestibular sacs

  21. Touch • Skin • Pressure • Depressed • Changes • Active or Passive • Temperature • Pain • A-delta fibers • C fibers • Serotonin • Endorphins • Gate control theory

  22. Kinesthetic • Position and Movement • Receptors • Joints and muscles

  23. Perception Optical Illusions

  24. Perception • The interpretation of sensory information

  25. Illusions

  26. Gestalt • When given a cluster of sensations people tend to organize them into a gestalt • A meaningful whole • Necker cube

  27. Gestalt • Principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions • Our brain does more than register information about the world

  28. Gestalt :Figure-Ground • The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings

  29. Figure Ground

  30. More Figure-Ground

  31. More Figure Ground

  32. Gestalt :Grouping - Proximity • We group nearby figures ************ ************ ************

  33. Gestalt :Grouping - Similarity • We group similar figures together

  34. Gestalt :Grouping - Continuity • We perceive smooth, continuous patterns

  35. Gestalt :Grouping - Connectedness • Because they are linked we perceive them as a set, even if they are not uniform

  36. Gestalt :Grouping - Closure • We fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects

  37. Grouping

  38. Gestalt

  39. Depth Perception • The ability to see objects in 3-D although the images that strike the retina are 2-D • Allows us to judge distance

  40. Depth Perception • Visual Cliff

  41. Depth Perception • Binocular Cues • Depth cues that depend on two eyes • Retinal Disparity

  42. Binocular Cues • Convergence • when projecting images on the retinas, the eyes must rotate inward • The closer the perceived object is, the more they must rotate • Only effective for short distances (less than 25 feet)

  43. Depth Perception • Monocular Cues • Depth cues that can be gained from either eye

  44. Monocular Cues: relative height • We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther way

  45. Monocular Cues: relative size • If we assume two objects are similar in size, we assume the smaller one is farther away

  46. Relative Size

  47. Monocular Cues: interposition • If one object partially block the view of another object, we perceive it as closer

  48. Monocular Cues: linear perspective • Parallel line (railroad tracks) appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater their distance.

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