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Enlightenment and Revolution. Chapter 22. Section 1-The Scientific Revolution. The Roots of Modern Science. Geocentric Theory-The theory that the Earth was the center of the universe Originally the idea came from Aristotle
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Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 22
The Roots of Modern Science • Geocentric Theory-The theory that the Earth was the center of the universe • Originally the idea came from Aristotle • The Greek astronomer Ptolemy expanded the theory in the second century
The Roots of Modern Science • Scientific Revolution-A new way of thinking about the natural world by replacing old assumptions with new theories
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Heliocentric Theory-Copernicus’s theory that the stars, Earth and the other planets revolved around the sun • He published this theory in his book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Galileo Galilei-Italian Astronomer • Published Starry Messenger in 1610 • Wrote that Jupiter had four moons • The Sun had dark spots • The moon had a rough uneven surface • Disproved that the moon and stars were made of a perfect substance
The Scientific Method • The Scientific Method-A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas • Step 1: Begins with a problem or question • Step 2: Form a hypothesis • Step 3: Test the hypothesis • Step 4: Analyze and interpret the data • Data confirms or disproves the hypothesis
Newton Explains the Law of Gravity • Isaac Newton- English scientist who developed the law of gravity • Theorized that the same physical laws of motion governed both the planets and objects on Earth
The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Important scientific inventions and discoveries • Microscope (1590) • First red blood cells are examined (1670) • Mercury barometer was invented (1643) • Measures atmospheric pressure and predicted weather • First thermometer is invented (1714)
The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Other important scientific inventions and discoveries • Studying human remains advances the study of anatomy • Late 1700’s small pox vaccine is created • The Sceptical Chymist (1661) by Boyle identified the worlds four main elements • Earth, Wind, Fire, Water
Setting the Stage • The Enlightenment-A new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
Two Views on Government • Social Contract-Thomas Hobbes theory that if people hand their rights to a strong ruler that they would recieve law and order • Ideally an absolute monarchy that could impose order and demand obedience
Two Views on Government • John Locke’s Natural Rights- • He believed that people were born free and equal with three main rights • Life, Liberty and Property • The purpose of government was to protect these rights • If the government fails the people have the right to overthrow it
The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Philosophes-Social critics in France during the mid-1700’s • They had five core beliefs • Reason • Nature • Happiness • Progress • Liberty
The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Voltaire- • Born François-Marie Arouet • Published more than 70 books in his life • Used satire against his enemies • Targeted the government, clergy, and aristocracy
The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Montesquieu-A French baron who devoted himself to the study of political liberty • His ideas about separation of power and checks and balances became the basis for the U.S. Constitution
Women and the Enlightenment • Mary Wollstonecraft- • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Felt that women just like men needed education to be virtuous and useful • Her daughter Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein
Legacy of the Enlightenment • People became more accepting of progressive beliefs • Mainly scientific knowledge • New discoveries were made in chemistry, physics, biology, and mechanics • Religious beliefs were questioned and people developed more of a secular outlook on life • More emphasis was placed on the individual within a society
A World of Ideas • Diderot’s Encyclopedia- • Dennis Diderot began publishing the 1st volumes in 1751 • They were a series of essays and articles by the leading scholars in Europe • The French government and Catholic Church banned the books • Helped spread ideas during the Enlightenment throughout Europe
New Artistic Styles • Baroque Art-European art during the 1600s and early 1700s which was characterized by a grand ornate design • Neoclassical Art-A simple and elegant style of art that barrowed themes from classical Greek and Rome
New Artistic Styles • Classical Music-Lighter elegant style of music • Famous classical composers • Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven
Enlightenment and Monarchy • Enlightened Despots-“Absolute rulers” that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment
Enlightenment and Monarchy • Frederick II- • a.k.a. Frederick the Great • Persian king who ruled from 1740-1786 • Enlightened Accomplishments: • Granted religious freedom • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Abolished torture
Enlightenment and Monarchy • Joseph II- • Ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790 • The most radical of the reformers • Enlightened Accomplishments: • Introduced legal reform • Allowed freedom of press • Supported freedom of worship • Abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor
Enlightenment and Monarchy • Catherine the Great- • Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 • Read the works of the philosophes and corresponded with Voltaire • Enlightened Accomplishments: • Formed a commission to review Russia's laws • She was not able to accomplish her major reforms so she instituted more limited reforms
Enlightenment and Monarchy • Catherine the Great- • Following the serf uprising in 1773, she gave the nobles in Russia absolute control over the serfs • Serfs lost all traces of freedom • Her armies gained control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and expanded westward into Poland
