Enlightenment and Revolution

1. Enlightenment and Revolution Ch. 18 All Sections

2. Europe gets ready to explore • In the 1400s and 1500s, countries in Europe began to explore the world. • Many different conditions came together to further this exploration. • Trade with Asia: Europeans began to want more goods from Asia. Spices and Silk went down the Silk Road, while Mongol invaders made those goods more expensive by adding taxes on them. • Other trade routes with Asia became blocked forcing atlernativeroutes to be explored. • Sea routes were preferred because of Europe’s proximity to the sea.

10. Mongol Empire at the beginning of the Renaissance

14. Europe gets ready to explore cont. • New Technology allowed more exploration. • The compass allowed direction to be determined • The Atrolab allowed lattitude to be determined • Triangular sails were improved allowing better navigation • A new type of rudder was invented • The Rise of Strong Nations • Many nations now had the money to explore • Spain, France, England, and Portugal all began to explore

21. THE EXPLORERS • Henry The Navigator • He was a Portuguese Prince • He set up a research center for explorers and sailors and mapmaker in southern Portugal • He began to map the African coastline • He encouraged exploration and funded many famous explorers • His knowledge of the African continent and its resources would lead to the slave trade. • The slave trade was begun by Africans selling warriors and cultures that had been conquered.

24. Explorers • Many other countries sent explorers into the unknown • Christopher Columbus: crossed the Atlantic and found the West Indies. • Ferdinand Magellan: although he died on the trip, his crew became the first to circumnavigate the world • Vasco de Gama: first European to sail around the coast of Africa to get to India • Henry Hudson: Explored the Canadian coast and Hudson Bay

25. Christopher Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Vasco de Gama Henry Hudson

26. Mercantilism • Mercantilism is the idea of countries gaining as much gold and silver as they can. • They do this by importing and exporting. • They want to export more than they import. • They also have to find sources for natural resources. • During the Age of Exploration, Africa and the New World were often the source of these resources • Countries would set up colonies in the new world and Africa to supply these resources

30. The Scientific Revolution • Following the Renaissance, many scientist began to put forth new theories regarding the planets and solar system, chemistry, biology, and the knowledge of the human body. • Often these ideas were counter to the teaching of the church. • Many early scientist were excommunicated because of their writings and research

35. Copernicus • Copernicus was a scientist , astronomer, and mathematician from Poland. • He developed a “sun-centric” model of the universe • In his model, the Earth, along with the other planets and the moon rotated around the sun in a circular manner.

38. Galileo • Galileo was an Italian scientist • He proved many theories from earlier scientist incorrect • He agreed with Copernicus, and improved many other inventions. • He invented many different instruments himself, such as the water thermometer. • He published his work and was quickly silenced by the pope and charged with heresy. • He recanted many of his ideas under pressure of excommunication.

42. Medicine and Chemistry • Most medical knowledge revolved around a Greek physician named Galen. • He believed that all people had 4 humors in them. • A person would become ill if any of the 4 humors got imbalanced • Black bile, yellow bile, blood, and water were the humors. • Galen was only able to dissect dogs at the time, because cutting open humans was forbidden • Beginning in the 1500’s , people began to research the human body more closely to determine its makeup. • We began to understand that blood flows through the body (Harvey) and that we have cells (Hook)

45. Rationalism • Thinkers began to revive ideas from the greek philosophers. • Descartes was a thinker who wrote “I Think, therefore I am.” • Scientific Method was improved and accepted thanks to scientist such as Bacon who believe reason could help science. • See the scientific method on pg 679.

48. The Enlightenment • A return to reason also led people to question their government and the way those governments operated. • People began to promote natural law. • This was the idea the the law applied to everyone and reason was its basis. • It greatly influenced thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke, who in turn influenced the formation of new governments.

49. The Enlightenment • Hobbes concluded that absolute monarchy was the best form of government. • He concluded that humans were violent and selfish by nature. • The only way a group of humans could co exist would be through the rule of a “Leviathan” or absolute power. • He wrote these ideas in the “Leviathan” • He believed that without this type of rule, human life would be “nasty, brutish, and short.”