AP Study Session

1. AP Study Session Chapters 25-27

2. AP STUDY SESSION Chapters 25-27 Old Immigrants & New Immigrants -Prior to 1880=Old immigrants from Britain & W. Europe: WASPs -1880s= New immigrants from S & E Europe from Italy, Russia, Poland & AH -New immigrants settled in large cities in NE & MW, very few in South -bad housing (tenements-dirty, etc)

3. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 • First law in US to exclude a group from America due to ethnic background (remember we invited the Chinese in to build railroad) • Prohibited immigration of Chinese to America • Strongly supported by working class Americans who felt threatened • Strong support in California- why?

4. Nativist opposition to the new immigrants • Had previously opposed Irish & German Catholic immigrants • Why oppose immigrants? • Religious reasons: Immigrants are mainly Catholic & Jewish • Social: Spoke different languages & had different culture • Political: Immigrants don’t understand US political traditions • Economic: Immigrants threatening to take jobs away because they will work for low wages (bad jobs, poor wages, sweatshops,etc. Last year FRQ- Compare and contrast the ways that many Americans expressed their opposition to immigrants in the 1840s-1850s with the ways that many Americans expressed their opposition to immigrants in the 1910s-1920s.

5. Writers of the day • Horatio Alger- books about poor boys who achieved success through hard work • Walt Whitman-Leaves of Grass, O Captain! My Captain!- about Abe’s assassination • Emily Dickinson- recluse, poet • Mark Twain- The Gilded Age

6. Booker T. Washington *Atlanta Compromise Speech- 1895 *called on African Americans to seek economic opportunities rather than political rights -supported black economic self-help -supported accomodation to white society -supported vocational education -supported racial solidarity -opposed public political agitation W.E. B. DuBois emerged during Progressive Era as most influential advocate of full political, economic and social equality for Black Americans Founded NAACP in 1909 Advocated the intellectual development of “talented tenth” of the Black population- wanted them to be infulential by getting education, writing books & being involved in social change DuBois opposed Booker T’s plan- DuBois supported copperation with white people tp further black progress. His goal was integration not separatism NAACP rejected Booker T’s gradualism & separatism NAACP focused on courts to achieve quality & justice Speaking up Last year- African American leaders have responded to racial discrimination in the US in a variety of ways. Compare & contrast the goals and strategies of African American leaders in the 1890s-1920s with the goals & strategies of African American leaders in the 1950s- 1960s.

7. Construction Completed in 1869 Five transcontinental RRs were constructed during the 19th c. Irish & Chinese helped build Consequences for Great Plains RR played key role in the near extinction of buffalo- big hit to Plains Indians RR brought wave of troops, farmers, miners, and cattlemen to the Great Plains Settlers build farms, range-fed cattle replaced the now decimated buffalo herds The West & Agricultural Revolution Transcontinental Railroad

8. Transformation of the Plains Indians • Key Causes: • Virtual extermination of buffalo doomed nomadic life • Natives ravaged by disease • Transcontinental RR transformed economy of entire region

9. Transformation of Plains Indians • Publication of a Century of Dishonor- 1881 • By Helen Hunt Jackson • Aroused public awareness of the federal government’s long record of betraying and cheating Native Americans

10. Dawes Act of 1887 Goals: Inspired in part by Century of Dishonor, the Dawes Act was a misguided attempt to reform the government’s Native American policy Legislative goal was to assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities & eliminating tribal ownership of land Consequences The Dawes Act ignored the inherent reliance of traditional Indian culture on tribally owned land By 1900, Indians had lost 50 % of the 156 million acres they had held just 2 decades earlier The force-assimilation doctrine of the Dawes Act remained the cornerstone of the government’s official Indian policy for nearly half a century The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 partially reversed the individualistic approach of the Dawes Act by restoring the tribal basis of Indian life Transformation of Plains Indians

11. Transformation of Plains Indians • The Ghost Dance • The dance was a sacred ritual expressing a vision that the buffalo would return & white civilization would vanish • Army attempted to destroy it at the Battle of Wounded Knee in 1890, fearing the ceremony would cause an uprising • 200 Indian men, women & children were killed

12. A report- 1890 it was reported that the frontier line no longer existed The frontier was “closed” Frederick Jackson Turner inspired to write “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Turner argued that the existence of cheap, unsettled land had played a role in making American society more than democratic Frontier helped shape a distinctive American spirit of democracy The frontier acted as a safety valve that enabled Eastern factory workers & immigrants to escape bad economic conditions & find new opportunities Frontier stimulated American nationalism & individualism America did not have a herediatary aristocracy of land owners The Fading Frontier HINT: What comes to mind when you think of the Old West? Most think, Custer, Sitting Bull, cattle drives & gun duels. APUSH test writers don’t think this way. Unlikely to see questions on Custer, etc. but high chance you will have to identify Helen Hunt Jackson Century of Dishonor and Turner’s Frontier Thesis.

13. Where else can we go then? • American Imperialism- Political & Economic Expansion: • Causes: • Sensational stories published by “yellow journalism” • New Navy policy promoted by Alfred T. Mayan & T Roosevelt • Example of European imperialism in Africa • The emphasis of Social Darwinism on survival of the fittest

14. Causes: Battleship Maine was mysteriously sunk in Havana harbor Circulation of “yellow journalism” through newspapers (Pulitzer and Hearst)- sensational stories of horrors in Cuba designed to arouse US support Territorial acquisitions: Spain gave up Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam & the Philippines Protectorate over Cuba, the US began implementing an imperialist foreign policy Debate over annexing the Philippines: Anti-Imperialism League opposed annexation, arguing that it violated America’s long-established commitment to the principles of self-determination & anti-colonialism Supporters of annexation argued that America had a moral responsibility to “civilize” the islands. They also pointed our that the Philippines could become a valuable trading partner Spanish- American War

15. TR worried that the Dominican Republic & other Latin American nations would default on debts owed to European banks. These defaults could mean European military intervention TR issued Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine to forestall European intervention Roosevelt Corollary expanded America’s role in Central America & the Caribbean Roosevelt Corollary claimed America’s right to assume the role of an “international police power”. Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson enforced the Roosevelt Corollary by sending troops to Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, DR, Mexico and Haiti Roosevelt’s justification for the Roosevelt Corollary: “Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosing of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the US to the Monroe Doctrine may force the US…to the exercise of an international police power.” Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine-1904

16. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy • President Taft believed he could use economic investments to bolster American foreign policy • Taft’s attempt to use Dollar Diplomacy in Asia and Latin America achieved very little success

17. As the old dynasties weakened, European powers carved out spheres of influence where they exercised political leverage & obtained exclusive commercial privileges Although he knew he couldn’t force the Europeans to leave China, Secretary of State John Hay was determined to protect American missionaries & commercial interests. In 1899, Hay sent the nations with spheres of influence in China a note calling for open access to China for American investment & commercial interests. Known as the Open Door, the policy underscored America’s commitment to free trade and opposition to obstacles that thwarted international commerce. HINT- The Open Door Policy is easy to overlook. Most APUSH textbooks devote less than a page to the topic. Don’t be deceived by this modest coverage. The Open Door has a high priority in the minds of the APUSH test writers. The Open Door has been on all but one of the released exams. Be sure you know that the Open Door was intended to protect American commercial interests in China. Open Door Policy w/ China